Transcript Chapter 20-The Atlantic World

The Atlantic World
Chapter 20
Bell Work
Tuesday 12/18
Look in your book beginning on page 557
to find the answers
• 1.What were the names of the three ships that
Spain gave Columbus on his first journey?
• 2. What happened to the Incan emperor
Atahualpa after the ransom for his life was
paid?
• 3. What is a Mestizo?
Section 1-Spain Builds an American
Empire
The Voyages of Columbus
• Christopher ColumbusSpanish explorer who
attempted to sail west
across the Atlantic to reach
India and ended up in the
America’s
– The three ships he sailed
with were the Niña, Piñta,
Santa Maria
– Set sail August 3rd, 1492
– Landed in the Bahamas not
India
The Voyages of Columbus
• Columbus’ Goal’s:
– Find gold
– Claim as much new land for Spain as
possible
• Columbus’ success lead to 3 more
expeditions
– He commanded a fleet of 17 ships and nearly
1,000 soldiers
• Colonies-Lands that are controlled by
other nations
The Voyages of Columbus
Other Explorers and Their Conquests:
• Portuguese Explorers– 1500-Pedro Alvares claims Brazil
– 1519-Ferdinand Magellan sailed around south
America and was the first explorer to reach the
Pacific Ocean
• Magellan died during the journey but his crew was
the first to sail around the world
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
• 1519-Hernando Cortés landed in Mexico
and began claiming territory
• Conquistadors-Spanish explorers claiming
land for Spain
– Spanish were the first settlers in the Americas
– Wanted land, gold and silver
• Carved out the lands that became Mexico, South
America and the United States
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
• Cortés Conquers the
Aztecs– Cortés and 600 of his
men marched on the
capital city of
Tenochtitlan
• Montezuma the Aztec
emperor thought Cortés
was a God in armor
– He gave the Spaniards half
their gold but that wasn’t
enough
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
• 1521-Cortés and his men
conquered the Aztec
– Three reasons for their
victory
• Spanish had superior
weapons
• Cortés enlisted the help of
the Aztecs native enemies
• Diseases- The Aztecs had no
natural immunities to the
diseases brought over by the
Spanish
Spanish Conquest in Peru
• 1532-Francisco Pizarro
conquered the Incan Empire
in South America
– They had three goals
• Ambush the Incans
• Crush their military forces
• Capture their emperor Atahualpa
and hold him for ransom
– After they received their
ransom they killed Atahualpa
anyways
Spanish Conquest in Peru
• Spanish patterns of conquest was
to live among the people and
impose Spanish ways upon them
• Mestizo-A mixed Spanish and
Native American population
• Encomienda- A system where
natives farmed, ranched, and
mined for the Spanish
Opposition to Spanish Rule
• African Slavery and Native
Resistance– 1542-The encomienda system
was abolished
• In order to fill the need for labor
the Spanish turned to Africans
– During the late 1600’s various
native groups attempted to
drive the Spanish out but they
were ultimately unsuccessful
Spain’s Influence Expands
• Spain’s American
colonies made it the
richest, most powerful
nation in the world
during the 16th century
Bell Work
Wednesday 12/19
Look in your book beginning on page 561
to find the answers
• 1. What was the main difference between the
early French and English settlements?
• 2. What was the early problem with the
settlement at Jamestown?
• 3. What was the major impact of the French
and Indian War?
Bell Work
Thursday 12/20
Look in your book beginning on page 562
to find the answers
• 1. Which colonies were founded by the
Pilgrims and the Puritans?
• 2. Which group had a better relationship with
the Native Americans the French or the
English?
• 3. What was the main reason for the decrease
in Native American population during the
1600’s?
Section 2-European Nations Settle North
America
Competing Claims in North America
• 1494-The Treaty of Tordesillas that
had divided the newly discovered
lands between Spain and Portugal was
being ignored by other countries
• The French were the first group to
colonize North America
– Establishing Quebec (in modern day
Canada) as New France
Competing Claims in North America
• By 1760 the population of
New France reached
65,000
– Mostly Catholic priests,
single guys in their 20’s and
30’s
– Major reason for settlement
was the fur trade
• Fox, beaver, bear
The English Arrive in North America
• Jamestown-English settlement in Virginia
– Three ships carrying 100 settlers arrived in 1607
– Problems:
• Settlers more concerned about finding gold than
planting crops
• Hunger, disease, and Native Americans took the lives of
7 out of 10 settlers in the early years
– Became the 1st permanent settlement
• Tobacco became a major cash crop
The English Arrive in North America
• Puritans Create a “New
England”
– Pilgrims- Group who
established the second
English colony at
Plymouth, Massachusetts
in 1620
– Puritans-Arriving in
Massachusetts Bay in 1630
sought freedom from
England’s Anglican
Church
The English Arrive in North America
• Colonizing the Caribbean– French took control of Haiti, Guadalupe,
and Martinique
– English took control of Barbados and
Jamaica
– Dutch took control of the Netherlands
Antilles and Aruba
• Cotton and Sugar were the major
crops produced on these islands
The Struggle for North America
• The English Oust the
Dutch– 1664 the English drove the
Dutch out of New Netherlands
and re-named it New York
– By 1750 nearly 1.2 million
English settlers were living in
13 colonies stretching from
Maine to Georgia
The Struggle for North America
• England Battles France– 1754-A dispute over the land in
the Ohio Valley led to war
between the British and French
– The French and Indian War- Also
known as the Seven Years’ War
• The French surrendered and
England gained control of the
eastern half of North America
Native Americans Respond
• French and Dutch had
good relationships with
Native Americans
– Both benefited from the
fur trade
• Native Americans
would trap the animals
and trade them to the
French for guns,
hatchets, mirrors and
beads
Native Americans Respond
• The English had a poor
relationship with Native Americans
– The English wanted to push the
Natives off their land for settlement
and tobacco growth
– Due to the fact that Native Americans
were not Christians the English felt
like they were a “Godless people”
Native Americans Respond
• King Philip’s War– One of the bloodiest conflicts between
the English and Natives
– Metacom a Native American ruler
(also know as King Philip) attacked
villages throughout Massachusetts
– The English eventually won but both
sides had lost hundreds during the
battles
Native Americans Respond
• Natives Fall to Disease– Throughout the 1600’s disease
devastated Native populations
• By 1631 the Massachusetts tribe
dropped from 24,000 to 750
– Smallpox, measles were some of the
main culprits
• Due to the decrease in Native
population new sources of labor
were needed
– The solution became Africans
Bell Work
Friday 12/21
Look through your notes in Chapter 20 Sections
1 and 2 to find the answers
• 1. What were the three main things that drew
conquistadors to the “New World”?
• 2. What advantages did African slaves display
over Native Slaves?
• 3. How does a favorable balance of trade
work?
Bell Work
Monday 1/07
Look in your book beginning on page 566
to find the answers
• 1. How did the spread of Islam effect the
African slave trade?
• 2. How did enslaved Africans resist or launch
subtitle rebellions against their slave master?
• 3.How did African slaves contribute to the
development of the Americas?
Section 3-The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
• The spread of Islam led to an
increase of African slavery
– The belief that non-Muslim
prisoners of war could be bought
and sold.
– Between the years 650 and 1600
Muslims transported 17 million
African slaves to North Africa and
Southeast Asia
The Causes of African Slavery
• The Portuguese were the
first Europeans to explore
Africa
– More interested in gold at first
– As more Natives died new
sources of labor were needed.
So the Portuguese turned to
Africans.
The Causes of African Slavery
• The advantages of African
slaves:
– They had built up immunities
to European diseases
– They had previous farming
experience
– Less likely to escape b/c they
did not know the new lands
– Their skin color made them
easy to spot if they escaped
The Causes of African Slavery
• Atlantic Slave Trade-The
buying and selling of African
workers in the Americas
– Between the years 1500-1600,
300,000 Africans were
transported to the Americas
– By the time the slave trade
ended in 1870 9.5 million
Africans had been transported
to the Americas
Slavery Spreads Throughout the
America’s
• Spain and Portugal had brought
most early slaves to the Americas
– Mainly to work sugar plantations in
the Caribbean
• England soon became the dominant
slave trader
– 1.7 million brought to the West Indies
– 400,000 to North American colonies
A Forced Journey
• The Triangular Trade– The first leg was the journey from
Europe to Africa where goods were
exchanged for slaves.
– The second, or middle, leg of the
journey was the transportation of
slaves to the Americas. It was
nicknamed the ‘Middle Passage.'
• 20% of slaves died on the journey
– The third and final leg of the
journey, was the transport of goods
from the Americas back to Europe.
Slavery in the Americas
• Conditions of Slavery:
– Slaves sold to the highest bidder
•
•
•
•
•
•
Families often broken up
Worked in fields and mines
Poor housing
Given little food
Physical abuse was common
For some death was the only
tangible freedom
Slavery in the Americas
• Resistance and
Rebellion– Slaves kept their history
alive through song and
stories
– Made themselves less
effective by:
• Breaking tools
• Uprooting plants
• Running away
Consequences of the Slave Trade
• Impact of the Slave Trade– Generations of families lost
– Guns were introduced to Africa
– Slaves were physical and
economic contributors but
received no political benefits
– Art, music, religion, food made
a lasting impact on American
culture
Bell Work
Tuesday 1/08
Look in your book beginning on page 571
to find the answers
• 1. What were some of the food items that
traveled from the Americas to the rest of the
world?
• 2. What types of food and livestock were
brought to the Americas from the rest of the
world?
• 3. What is mercantilism?
Section 4-The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange
• The Columbian ExchangeThe Global transfer of
foods, plants, and animals
during the colonization of
the America’s
– New goods shipped from the
Americas included tomatoes,
squash, pineapple, coco
beans, tobacco, potatoes,
corn, and turkeys
The Columbian Exchange
• Goods shipped to the
Americas
– Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep,
bananas, grain, wheat, and
rice
• Smallpox and measles came
across as well leading to the
deaths of millions of Native
Americans
Global Trade
• Capitalism-An economic
system based on private
ownership and the
investment of resources
(ex. money) for profit
– Effects
•
•
•
•
Less government ownership
Expansion/creation of business
Increased money supply
Inflation occurs b/c of supply
and demand
Global Trade
• Joint-Stock Company-A group of
people combining their wealth for
a common purpose
– Received stocks (ownership in a
company)
• Advantages to a joint-stock
company
– Small investments decreased losses
– The better the company does the
more money people make
The Growth of Mercantilism
• Mercantilism-A system
where a country’s power
was determined by their
wealth
• Favorable Balance of
Trade-System where a
country sells more goods
than they purchase
The Growth of Mercantilism
• Economic Revolution
Changes European
Society– European towns grew in
size
– The merchant class grew
• Began to control more of
Europe's wealth
– Most Europeans till lived
in rural areas and were
poor
Chapter 20-Review Terms
Chapter 20-Review Terms
Chapter 20-Review Terms