Transcript Imperialism and World War I

 Define: imperialism, protectorate, and Pan-Americanism
 Answer questions #3, 4, and 5 only (question and answer).
 Write a letter to the football team wishing them well. – If
you could speak to the team, what would you say?
(write at least three sentences)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Should America concern itself with the problems of
other countries?
Should America get involved in other countries’
business?
Should American troops be used as “global
policemen”? Why or why not?
As the world’s strongest power, do we as Americans
have the right to bully or conquer smaller nations?
Why or why not?
1.
2.
3.
Should America get involved in other countries’
business?
Should American troops be used as “global
policemen”? Why or why not?
As the world’s strongest power, do we as Americans
have the right to bully or conquer smaller nations?
Why or why not?
Unit 5
Unit 5, Notes 1
 American expansionism…
 Expansionism: process of increasing
territory
 Manifest Destiny: expansion is
America’s purpose/destiny
 Monroe Doctrine (1823): cornerstone of
American foreign policy; “No more
European colonies in the Western
Hemisphere;” established nation as the
“police force” of the Western
Hemisphere
 American frontier closed…
 Westernization leads to the settlement
of once empty spaces
 Railroads link the East and West
 America reaches its borders...realizes its
potential
 Why expand?
 More glory and prestige for America
 Moral obligation (ex: spread religion, ideals, freedom)
 Make America a world power through trade, diplomacy, and conquest
 Economic incentives: America needed new markets, farms and
businesses produced more goods than Americans could consume
 New potential…
 Trade opportunities
 Asian Markets opened: Japan’s coal deposits
 Africa: gold deposits
 New territories sought by the U.S.
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Alaska: gold, oil, copper, seal and whale trade
Hawaii: naval base, trading port, sugar
Caribbean (Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands): sugar
Philippines: teach the “less civilized”, naval base, large market for American
goods
Japan
 In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry leads
four American warships into Tokyo Bay
 Wanted to force Japan to trade with U.S.
 Japanese impressed with American
technology
 Leads the Meiji Restoration (Japan
Westernize their country)
Hawaii
 Perfect environment to produce sugarcane
 McKinley Tariff gave subsidies to sugar
producers in the United States making U.S.
less expensive than Hawaiian sugar
 Hawaiian economy went into a tailspin
 Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by planters,
along with the U.S. Marines
 Five years later, the United States annexed
Hawaii
 Cuba and the U.S. closely linked
economically (sugar)
 Cuban economy hit hard by U.S. sugar
tariffs designed to protect the U.S.
economy from foreign competition
 Cubans desire independence from
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Spain and start rebellion
Yellow journalism: embellishing news
stories by adding sensational and
shocking details in order to boost
newspaper, journal, or magazine sales
Hearst, Pulitzer, and other jingoistic
(aggressive nationalism) journalists
use yellow journalism to promote war
with Spain
U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana
Harbor, Cuba and journalists blame
Spain
Americans pressure President
McKinley for war
 Used the Monroe Doctrine to justify
American involvement
 War declared on Spain in 1898
 U.S. Navy destroys Spanish fleet in Manila
Bay of the Philippine Islands?
 Americans invade Cuba
 Roosevelt leads Rough Riders up San Juan
Hill in deciding battle
 Platt Amendment
1) Cuba can not make a treaty that will allow a
foreign power to gain territory in Cuba
 2) Cuba had to allow the U.S. to buy or lease
naval stations in Cuba
 3) U.S. had the right to intervene to protect
Cuban independence or to keep order
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 Armistice: ceasefire; signed a few months
after war started; Spain grants
independence to Cuba and cedes Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the
U.S. for $20 million
 Foraker Act – Puerto Rico becomes
unincorporated territory
 America becomes a world player
Define: jingoism, yellow journalism
2) William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer (research)
3) Explain why many Americans blamed Spain for the
explosion of the U.S.S. Maine.
1)
4) Why did many Filipinos feel betrayed by the U.S.
government after the Spanish-American War?
5) According to Albert Beveridge, why is annexation of the
Philippines an honorable course of action? (pg. 150)
6) What are William Jennings Bryan’s two main criticisms of
imperialism? (pg. 150)
Define: jingoism, yellow journalism
2) William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer
3) Explain why many Americans blamed Spain for the
explosion of the U.S.S. Maine
- Cuba was fighting Spain for its independence, and many
Americans saw the Spanish as tyrants
4) Why did many Filipinos feel betrayed by the U.S.
government after the Spanish-American War?
- The Filipinos did not want their homeland annexed
1)
5) According to Albert Beveridge, why is annexation of the
Philippines an honorable course of action? (pg. 150)
- Annexation would provide a just, humane, and civilizing
government for the Filipinos.
6) What are William Jennings Bryan’s two main criticisms of
imperialism? (pg. 150)
- It is not necessary to own people to trade with them;
imperialism is not in the Bible.
Unit 5, Notes 2
 Imperialism: policy of establishing
economic, political, and military
dominance over weaker nations,
on the grounds of humanity and
morality
 American Imperialism: forceful
exportation of capitalism and
democracy to less developed
countries
 U.S. Navy was the most affected
branch of military by imperialism
 Empire: powerful nation with
extended domains (colonies) of
authority or control
 Colonization: method by which
empires extend their authority and
export their goods and/or ideals
 Problem: Commercial
and naval fleets have
to travel thousands of
extra miles and spend
millions of extra
dollars to travel from
Atlantic to Pacific or
vice versa
 Solution: build canal
(inland waterway)
 Barrier #1: Location
 Nicaragua
 Potentially active volcanoes
 Large ships would have difficulty winding
through canal
 Solution: Choose new location in
Panama
 Barrier #2: Consent
 Colombia controls Panama
 Colombia refuses consent
 Solution: Start revolution in Panama
 U.S. helps Panamanians overthrow Colombia
 Independent nation of Panama grants
construction privileges to U.S.
 Barrier #3: Yellow Fever and Malaria
 Solution: Hire physician William Gorgas
to deal with problem
 Gorgas clears out swamps, marshes, and large
areas of grass where mosquitoes live
 Alabama native
 Roosevelt corollary: President
Roosevelt’s foreign policy plan that
allowed the U.S. to exercise
international police powers in the
Western Hemisphere
 Built upon the Monroe Doctrine
 The Big Stick philosophy of foreign
diplomacy expressed a faith in
communication between nations, but also
pressed for increases in military spending
 Dollar Diplomacy: President Taft’s plan
for strengthening American influence
in the Western Hemisphere
 encouraged American bankers to lend
money to Central American countries so
they could pay off European debts
 urged American investment in the Central
American region
 Open Door Policy: plan calling for all
European empires to not control
specific parts of China but to leave the
door open to trade for all nations in all
parts of China
Filipinos expect independence after U.S. liberates from Spain
U.S. annexes (add territory to existing country) Philippines
War breaks out between U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries
Under the leadership of William Howard Taft, the United States tried to reduce
Filipino hostility through reforms that included: building new bridges, schools,
railroads, hospitals, telephones lines, etc…
 U.S. military defeats revolutionaries
 Many Americans did not support annexation…Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams,
Mark Twain
 “There must be two Americas; one that sets the captive free, and one that take a
once-captive’s new freedom away from him, and picks a quarrel with him with
nothing to found it on; then kills him to get his land.”
--Mark Twain
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Define: sphere of influence, Open Door policy, dollar
diplomacy.
2) Identify: Boxer Rebellion, “Great White Fleet,” Roosevelt
Corollary
3) Why do you think Latin American nations resented
American influence in the region?
1)
4) How did the Open Door policy and dollar diplomacy affect
the U.S. relations with other countries?
5) Use the graphic organizer to summarize the results of the
Open Door policy in China.
Define: sphere of influence, Open Door policy, dollar
diplomacy.
2) Identify: Boxer Rebellion, “Great White Fleet,” Roosevelt
Corollary
3) Why do you think Latin American nations resented
American influence in the region?
- They wanted the right to self-determination. They knew
that America would act in its own interests, not the
interests of Latin America countries.
4) How did the Open Door policy and dollar diplomacy affect
the U.S. relations with other countries?
- The Open Door policy kept China open to U.S. trade;
dollar diplomacy generally created Latin American
resentment.
1)
5) Use the graphic organizer to summarize the results of
the Open Door policy in China.
RESULTS
All countries could
trade with China
Open Door Policy
Prevented warfare
between
competing nations
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
BR #22 (A) – Question and Answer – 10/12 – 10/13
BR #27 (A) – Question and Answer – 10/21
BR #28 – Question and Answer – 10/24
BR #30 – Question and Answer – 10/26 – 10/27
CW – Unit 5, Notes 1 – Identify Randolph Hearst
6) CW – Unit 5, Notes 1 – Identify Joseph Pulitzer
7) CW – Unit 5, Notes 1 – #5, Answer
8) CW – Unit 5, Notes 1 – #6, Answer
9) CW – Unit 5, Notes 2 – #4, Answer
10) CW – Unit 5, Notes 2 – #5, Answer
Unit 5, Notes 3
ALCOS 11.4.2 – Identify major causes/events of World War I
AHSGE VI – The student will understand the causes and
effects of WWI.
Objective 1: Evaluate the causes of World War I
 Competition
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Control of colonies
Economic superiority
Arms race
Naval supremacy
 Intimidation
 Increase military
manpower
 New weapons
 Dreadnought
battleships
 Submarines
 Poison gas weapons
 Aircraft
 Paranoia (fear/distrust)
 Competition and
intimidation factors created
a need for security
 New alliances
sought/formed to gain
security and support in the
event of war
 Imperialism
 British concern over German
growth
 British concern over German
competition for colonies
 Economic rivalries among Britain,
Germany, and France
 British and French desire to
contain German territorial claims
in Africa
 Militarism: glorification of war
and military strength
 Military power seen as symbol of
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national prestige
Arms race among imperial powers
Race for naval supremacy
Influential military leaders
Belief in Social Darwinism
Think about three people in this classroom that
you would be willing to fight for.
Student C
Student A
Student G
Student D
Student B
Student F
Student E
Think about three people in this classroom that
you would be willing to fight for.
Student A
Student B
Think about three people in this classroom that
you would be willing to fight for.
Student C
Student A
Student G
Student D
Student B
Student F
Student E
 Alliances: unions or partnerships between nations
created for added support against intimidating foes
 Paranoia (fear or distrust) caused by
competition and intimidation between powers
 Need for greater security
 “I watch your back, you watch mine!”
 Imperial Alliances
 Triple Entente (Allied Powers)
 Britain
 France
 Russia
 Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Italy
 Nationalism: strong sense of pride, love, and
admiration for one’s country
 French revenge against Germany
 French desire for return of Alsace and Lorraine
 Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe
 German pride in military power and industrial
growth
 Serbian desire to create south Slav state
 Austro-Hungarian Empire colonizes the Balkans
(Bosnia, Croatia, etc.)
 Bosnians persecuted for their ethnicity and want
independence like Balkan nation of Serbia enjoys
 Bosnian nationalist terrorist
groups called the Black Hand
(led by Gavrilo Princip)
assassinates Archduke Franz
Ferdinand (June 28, 1914), heir
to the Austro-Hungarian
throne during a visit to
Sarajevo (Bosnia’s capital)
 Austro-Hungarians blame
Serbia for assassination and
declare war
 July 30: Russia obligated by treaty to defend Serbia so it
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mobilizes for war with Austria-Hungary
August 1: Germany obligated by treaty to defend AustriaHungary so it declares war on Russia
August 3: Aware that Russia and France are allies, Germany
invades Belgium in preparation to invade France thus
declaring war on France
August 4: Britain obligated by treaty to defend France so it
declares war on Germany
August 6: Russia and Austria-Hungary begin fighting
August 12: Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary
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2)
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5)
Define: self-determination, propaganda, U-boat
Identify: Franz Ferdinand, Allies, Central Powers
Name the two alliances that Europe was divided into at the
start of WWI.
Why did most of President Wilson’s cabinet members
support the British?
How did European nationalism contribute to the outbreak
of WWI?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Define: self-determination, propaganda, U-boat
Identify: Franz Ferdinand, Allies, Central Powers
Name the two alliances that Europe was divided into at the
start of WWI.
- Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
Why did most of President Wilson’s cabinet members
support the British?
- They believed that Allied victory was the only way to
preserve the international balance of power, and they cited
the close historical ties with Britain and France
How did European nationalism contribute to the outbreak
of WWI?
- They believed in self-determination – Each major ethnic
group in European empires wanted its own country
1.
Would you pay the ultimate sacrifice for your…
a.
b.
c.
2.
3.
4.
Country?
Freedom?
President?
What is the worst environment you have ever
been in?
Based on what you know so far, why is World War
I called the Great War?
What goal or objective must be met in order to
win the Great War?
Unit 5, Notes 4
 Strategy
 Offensive
 Massive infantry assault
 Break the enemy lines
 Push forward…gain enemy positions
 New Technology
 Deadlier weapons
 Pinpoint artillery
 Machine guns
 Grenades
 Flame throwers
 Poison gas
 Aircraft (dogfights: airborne clashes between
enemy aircraft)
 Tanks
 Results
 Higher casualties
 Greater destruction
 Trench warfare tactics
 Trench: ditch designed to provide
natural cover for soldiers under
attack; miles of trench channels
connect front line to an army’s
rear
 “No Man’s Land”: open field of
battle located between enemy
trenches; covered with barbed
wire, land mines, bodies, and
shell craters; usually extended
200 to 300 ft. in width
 “Over the top”: Soldiers leaving
the trenches for a massive assault
 Life on the edge: Constant barrage of
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artillery and rifle fire; fear of the
unknown
Extreme discomfort: Crouching
soldier, hidden target; close
quarters; freezing temperatures;
rainy weather
Filthy habitat: mud, standing water,
fecal matter, dead bodies, open
wounds, nauseating odor, rats, lice
Disease: gangrene, trench mouth,
trench foot
Behavioral disorders: battle fatigue
or shell shock (post-traumatic stress
syndrome); tremors; madness;
apathy; suicide
 Stalemate: standoff or draw; describes
war on the Western Front because
both sides suffered heavy losses but
neither gained significant ground to
show for it
 War of attrition: slowly wearing down
the enemy in hopes of outlasting their
will to fight
 Battles
 Verdun (Draw)
 French casualties: 315,000
 German casualties: 280,000
 The Somme (Draw)
 British casualties: 450,000
 French casualties: 200,000
 German casualties: 400,000
Oh, the snowflakes fell in silence Over Belleau Wood that night
For a Christmas truce had been declared By both sides of the fight
As we lay there in our trenches The silence broke in two By a German soldier singing A
song that we all knew
Though I did not know the language The song was "Silent Night"
Then I heard my buddy whisper, "All is calm and all is bright"
Then the fear and doubt surrounded me 'Cause I'd die if I was wrong But I stood up in my
trench And I began to sing along
Then across the frozen battlefield Another's voice joined in Until one by one each man
became A singer of the hymn
Then I thought that I was dreaming For right there in my sight Stood the German soldier
'Neath the falling flakes of white
And he raised his hand and smiled at me As if he seemed to say Here's hoping we both
live To see us find a better way
Then the devil's clock struck midnight And the skies lit up again And the battlefield
where heaven stood Was blown to hell again
But for just one fleeting moment The answer seemed so clear Heaven's not beyond the
clouds It's just beyond the fear
No, heaven's not beyond the clouds It's for us to find it here
– “Belleau Wood” by Garth Brooks
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Define: convoy
Identify: Vladimir Lenin
List the four nations that dominated the Paris
peace conference in 1919.
Why did President Wilson propose his
Fourteen Points?
What impact did John J. Pershing and the
Battle of the Argonne Forest have on WWI?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Define: convoy
Identify: Vladimir Lenin
List the four nations that dominated the Paris
peace conference in 1919.
Why did President Wilson propose his
Fourteen Points?
What impact did John J. Pershing and the
Battle of the Argonne Forest have on WWI?
Unit 5, Notes 5
 President Woodrow Wilson declares
neutrality at the war’s outset
 Media vilified (spoke bad of) Central
Powers while glorifying Allies
 America provides loans ($2.25 billion),
food, and goods to the Allies
 Incentives: helping the Allies win would
guarantee that all money would be paid
back with interest; ensure a place for
American investment in postwar Europe
 British and French enjoy naval
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supremacy
Allied blockade prevents food and
goods from traveling into Germany
German population starving and
desperate for relief
German submarine activity intensifies
Neutral merchant ships placed in
danger
No American troopships were sunk on
their way to Europe
 Convoys – merchant and troop ships
gathered and traveled together
 Steps toward U.S. involvement…
 Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by a German
submarine because it secretly carried arms intended for
Allied use
 128 American passengers died; many Americans want war
 Zimmermann Note: telegram sent by German official
Arthur Zimmermann to the Mexican government urging
Mexico to ally itself with Germany; in return, Germany
offered to help Mexico take back Texas, New Mexico and
Arizona which was taken by the U.S. during the Mexican
War
 British intelligence intercepted the note and shared its
contents with the U.S.
 American Response…
 U.S. joins the Allies by declaring war on Germany April
2, 1917
 Mobilization: preparation for
war on both the military and
civilian levels
 Military preparation
 Conscription: compulsory
enrollment in military
services…”the draft”
 Selective Service Act – all men
between 21 to 30 to register the draft
(2.8 million men drafted)
 Doughboys: nickname given to
the American infantrymen of
World War I
 Civilian preparation
 War Industries Board: coordinate the
production of war materials
 Propaganda: media used to mold public
opinion and generate nation-wide support
for the war effort
 Liberty Bonds
 The government borrowed more than $20
billion from the American people
 Fuel Administration
 Conserve Energy
 Daylight savings time
 Food Administration (headed by Herbert
Hoover)
 Conserve food – “Food Will Win the War-Don’t
Waste It”
 Victory Gardens – Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesday
and Porkless Thursdays
 Ration products
 Committee on Public Information:
“sold” the war to the American people
 Headed by George Creel
 Recruited entertainers, songwriters,
motion picture companies to sway
public opinion in favor of war
 “four-minute speeches”
 The Sedition Act of 1918 expanded the
meaning of the Espionage Act to make
illegal any public expression of
opposition to the war
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
Great Britain
Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Italy
Allied Powers
Britain
France
United States
Italy
Russia
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
 Russia drops out (Bolshevik Revolution) so America pulls up the
slack
 Second Battle of the Marne: turning point of World War I; Allies
halt last major German offensive and begin driving enemy back
 The Battle of the Argonne Forest: the most massive attack in
American history
 Shattered German defenses and opened a hole in the German lines
 Allied Keys to Success:
 Learn and incorporate better infantry tactics
 Learn to utilize artillery, tanks, and aircraft more effectively
 Substantial supplies and munitions
 Central Power Reasons for Defeat:
 Apathy
 Heavy losses in manpower
 Blockade creates food and supply shortage
 Allies win on November 11, 1918 when Germany signs armistice
 At 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month
 Fourteen Points: President Wilson’s post-war plan designed to
ensure peace and prosperity worldwide
 Treaty of Versailles: “Big Four” (France, Britain, Italy, United
States) meet to decide the world’s fate after World War I
 punish Central Powers by stripping them of colonies and territories
within their native borders
 several new independent nations formed from territories;
 several colonies given to Britain and France
 Germany responsible for war and must pay reparations
 Most difficult for Germany to accept
 treaty would later cause economic depressions and another world war
 League of Nations: alliance of nations organized to preserve
freedom, provide order and security, and unite the world
together
 only portion of Wilson’s points to be endorsed by world powers
 U.S. denies participation in League of Nations; slips into
period of global isolation
 The Seattle General Strike
 35,000 shipyard workers strike
 Higher wages and shorter hours
 Paralyzed the city
 The Boston Police Strike
 75 percent of the force on strike
 Riots and looting erupted
 National Guard deployed
 Strikers fired
 The Steel Strike
 350,000 steelworkers on strike
 Higher pay, shorter hours,
recognition of union
 18 strikers killed
1) Define: reparations (pg. 198), armistice
2)
3)
4)
5)
(pg. 197), contraband (pg. 187),
Identify: Sussex Pledge (research), Bernard
Baruch (research)
Describe the contributions of African
Americans during the war (research).
How did government efforts to ensure
support for the war conflict with democratic
ideals (research)?
How did World War I cause the federal
government to change its relationship with
the business world (research)?
Define: reparations (pg. 198), armistice (pg. 197),
contraband (pg. 187),
2) Identify: Sussex Pledge, Bernard Baruch
3) Describe the contributions of African Americans during the
war.
- About 400,000 African Americans were drafted to serve in
the war; many received high praise for their courage from
French generals.
4) How did government efforts to ensure support for the war
conflict with democratic ideals?
- limited free speech and freedom of the press
1)
5. How did World War I cause the federal
government to change its relationship with
the business world?
- Special boards were created that
encouraged cooperation between business
and government