Transcript 600 CE

REVIEW - PERIODIZATION
This course surveys approximately 10,000
years of world history, focusing
primarily on the last 1000 years
and the evolution of global processes and
interactions between and within
different human societies.
The course is truly a global history
rather than one focused primarily on
Western civilizations with bits and
pieces of others receiving only passing
mention at best.
While the acquisition of relevant factual
knowledge is part of the course, the main
focus is to develop critical and evaluative
thinking skills and the ability to analyze
Periodization Activity
On page 16 and 17 in the "Monster Packet"
Work in groups
Discuss each of the periodization
breakdowns, decide on one grouping that
you like the best. Write a 2 sentence
thesis to support why you believe it is the
very best representation of World
History.
Remember to make your case and explain
6 Historical Periods
1st Technological & Environmental Transformations
Ancient Periods
8000 BCE to 600 BCE (5%)
2nd Organization & Reorganization of Human
Societies
Classical Empires
600 BCE to 600 CE (15%)
3rd Regional & Transregional Interactions
600 CE to 1450 CE (20%)
4th Global Interactions
1450 CE to 1750 CE (20%)
5th Industrialization and Global Integration
1750 CE to 1900 CE (20%)
6th Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
1900 CE to Today (20%)
YouTube: Global History & AP World History Review in 12 minutes
1. Technological and Environmental Transformations
8000 BCE – 600 BCE
Of all the time periods covered in the AP World History
curriculum, Foundations (8000 BCE - 600 BCE) spans the
largest number of years. It begins with an important Marker
Event - the Agricultural Revolution - and ends with the rise
of three major classical civilizations - Rome in the
Mediterranean region, Han China, and the Gupta Empire of
India.
• Ancient Empires – Four River Valley Civilizations – Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Indus, and Shang China plus the Olmec & Chavin
in the Americas.
• Classical Empires – Greece, Rome, Gupta of India and Han
China.
curriculum,
Foundations
the largest number
of years.
1. Technological
andspans
Environmental
Transformations
8000
BCE –
600-BCE
Begins with an important
Marker
Event
the
Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution/Transition - and ends after the
fall of three major classical civilizations - Rome in the
Mediterranean region, Han China, and the Gupta Empire of India.
Broad topics addressed in the Foundations time period are:
•
Environmental and periodization issues
•
Early development in agriculture and technology
•
Basic cultural, political, and social features of early civilizations: Mesopotamia,
Egypt,
•
Indus Valley, Shang China, and Meso/South America
•
The rise and fall of classical civilizations: Zhou and Han China, India (Gupta
Empire),
•
and Mediterranean civilizations (Greece and Rome)
•
Major belief systems, including polytheism, Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism,
•
Daoism, Buddhism, and Christianity
Andrew Marr sets off on an epic journey through 70,000 years of human history. Using dramatic reconstructions,
documentary filming around the world and cutting-edge computer graphics, he reveals the decisive moments
that shaped the world we live in today, telling stories we thought we knew and others we were never told.
Starting with our earliest beginnings in Africa, Marr traces the story of our nomadic ancestors as they
spread out around the world and settled down to become the first farmers and townspeople.
He uncovers extraordinary hand-prints left in European caves nearly 30,000 years ago and shows how
human ingenuity led to inventions which are still with us today. He also discovers how the first
civilisations were driven to extremes to try to overcome the forces of nature, adapting and
surviving against the odds, and reveals how everyday life in ancient Egypt had more in common with today's
soap operas than might be imagined.
YouTube: Andrew Marr's History of the World - Episode 1 - Survival
2. Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
600 BCE – 600 CE
Sometimes called the Classical Period, this time period traces
the development and the fall of the major historical empires
which shaped our own modern cultures and economies.
Classical Empires – Greece, Rome, Gupta of India and Han
China. Also included here, although out of chronological context
is the Mayan Empire in the Americas.
As states and empires increased in size and contacts between
regions multiplied, religious and cultural systems were
transformed and transmitted over wide distances.
Fall of the 3 major classical civilizations (Rome, Chinese Han,
Indian Gupta), new trends that defined these years as another
period with different migrations and conquests, and more
developed trade patterns than before.
2. Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
600 BCE – 600 CE
Older belief systems, such as Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism, and
Buddhism, came to become more important than political organizations in
defining many areas of the world. Large religions covered huge areas of land, even
though localized smaller religions remained in place.
2 nomadic groups - the Bedouins and the Mongols - had a huge impact on the course
of history during this era.
A new religion - Islam - began in the 7th century and spread rapidly throughout the
Middle East, Northern Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Whereas Europe was not a
major civilization area before 600 CE, by 1450 it was connected to major trade routes,
and some of its kingdoms were beginning to assert world power.
Major empires developed in both South America (the Inca) and Mesoamerica (the
Maya and Aztec.) China grew to have hegemony over many other areas of Asia and
became one of the largest and most prosperous empires of the time. Long distance
trade continued to develop along previous routes, but the amount and complexity of
trade and contact increased significantly.
YouTube: America Before Columbus - Click here for the entire playlist
YouTube: Bettany Hughes - The Ancient Worlds - Athens - The Truth about Democracy
Historian Bettany Hughes reveals the hidden
history of women in religion, from dominatrix
goddesses to feisty political operators and warrior
empresses.
In this provocative upcoming series, Bettany tells the
stories of the extraordinary women whose legends
and lives cast new light on some of the hottest
arguments about the role of women in religion
today.
Drawing on cutting edge scholarship and
archaeological evidence, she reveals what her
favourite women in religion tell us about the lives of
the real flesh and blood women of their day.
The series tells the story of the relationship
between women and religion from 9000 BC
onwards. The female of the species has always
formed 50% of the population but has never
occupied 50% of human history.
Yet the connection between women and the divine has
been so strong in all societies that when we follow
the stories of 'divine women' we uncover new
evidence for the character of humanity and a fuller,
truer history of the world.
YouTube: Bettany Hughes - Divine Women - "The War of the World" - Women and Religion
YouTube: Chinese Dynasties (Vogue)
3. Regional and Transregional Interactions
600 CE to 1450 CE
It begins with the birth of Mohammed. Islam is the story of
the Post-Classical period. Mostly because so many other stories
are contingent upon it. Pay attention to how the religion
operates as both a spiritual and secular force. We started
with three principal classical civilizations and in this period we
will see those three expand to breed other civilizations,
• The world gets more complicated now. This is the period of
"World Religions", belief systems being exported like trade
goods. As you might imagine, at times, it causes some problems.
• Interregional to Global Networking. The establishment
of interregional trade networks that link areas far more
expansive than we saw during the Classical Period. It ends with
the new extended use of the Printing Press.
•
3. Regional and Transregional Interactions
600 CE to 1450 CE
This era includes only 300 years, but some profound and long-lasting changes
occurred. During this period the two hemispheres were linked for the first
time in world history and long-distance trade became truly worldwide.
Characteristics of the time period include: The globe was encompassed - For the
first time the western hemisphere came into continued contact with the eastern
hemisphere. Technological innovations, strengthened political organization,
and economic prosperity all contributed to this change that completely altered
world trade patterns.
Sea-based trade rose in proportion to land-based trade Technological advancements and willingness of political leaders to
invest in it meant that sea-based trade became much more
important. As a result, old land-based empires lost relative
power to the new sea-based powers.
European kingdoms emerged that gained world power - The relative power and
prosperity of Europe increased dramatically during this time in comparison to empires
in the longer-established civilization areas. However, Europe did not entirely eclipse
powerful empires in Southwest Asia, Africa, and East Asia.
3. Regional and Transregional Interactions
600 CE to 1450 CE
The relative power of nomadic groups declined - Nomads continued to play an
important role in trade and cultural diffusion, and they continued to threaten the
borders of the large land-based empires. However, their power dwindled as travel
and trade by water became more important.
Labor systems were transformed - The acquisition of colonies in North and South
America led to major changes in labor systems. After many Amerindians died from
disease transmitted by contact with Europeans, a vigorous slave trade from
Africa began and continued throughout most of the era. Slave labor became very
important all over the Americas. Other labor systems, such as the mita and
encomienda in South America, were adapted from previous native traditions by the
Spanish and Portuguese.
"Gunpowder Empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia - Empires in older
civilization areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry. Basing
their new power on "gunpowder," they still suffered from the old issues that had
plagued land-based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication within
the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory. By
the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea-based
kingdoms of Europe.
YouTube: Engineering an Empire - China
YouTube: Crash Course World History - Islam
YouTube: Crash Course World History - Mansa Musa & Africa
YouTube: Crash Course World History - The Mongols 1206–1368
4. Global Interactions
1450 CE -1750 CE
In the preceding era trade was existent but was slow, different
regions were connected but there wasn't a true, complete feeling
of globalization.
In the pre-modern era, trade increased significantly due
to maritime exploration by Europeans, who sought silver,
sugar, slaves and converts.
Era of Absolute Rulers.
New ideals of government arose and led to revolutions in the
Modern Period which replaced those Absolute monarchs.
It begins with the beginning of the extended use of the printing
press to spread information and new ideas and with the
discovery of the NEW WORLD.
It ends with the coming Industrial Revolution and the
extensive use of the steam engine in industry and agriculture.
4. Global Interactions
1450 CE -1750 CE
Search for faster ways to trade routes of the Indian Ocean led to:
- Inclusion of Americas in global trade network
- Beginning of true globalization
- Columbian Exchange of goods, disease, and cultures
spreads throughout the world
Improvements in/spread of shipping technologies and
gunpowder weapons allow European countries to exercise
larger role in world affairs
Millions of Native Americans die due to exposure to
previously unknonwn European diseases
African people are forcibly transported across Atlanic Ocean to
fill need for forced labor on planations.
New social structures emerge:
- In Americas, they're based on race
- Few women exert power publicly, but women often wield
considerable power behind the scenes.
4. Global Interactions
1450 CE -1750 CE
In Europe, Renaissance and Reformation challenge
previously accepted beliefs and power of Roman Catholic Church
In other parts of the world, like China, reaffirmation of
more traditional beliefs (Confucianism) is viewed as key
to stability
Empires stretch their power
- Spain & Portugal conquer and control Americas
- Dominant land-based empires: Ottoman, Mughal, & Qing
- Major empires:
Ottoman, 1300-1923
Mughal India, 1523-mid-1700s
Songhay (Africa), 1454-1591
Kongo (Africa), 1300s-1600s
Spanish/Portugese overseas expansion/empire 1500s-early 1800s
Qing Dynasty China, 1644-1941
Russian Empire, 1480-1917
YouTube: Engineering an Empire - The Aztecs
Youtube: Black Death (Hollaback Girl) "Fleas on Rats"
5. Industrialization and Global Integration
1750 CE – 1900 CE
• This period begins with the Industrial Revolution and ends
with the logical conclusion of Industrialization and Imperialism
– The First World War – WWI.
• It is a time when nations attempted to expand into empire in an
effort to capture raw materials for industry and to find markets
for their manufactured goods.
• REVOLUTION!!
Industrialization led to interdepence.
Factors leading to industrialization:
- Technical knowledge/innovation
- Large population as workforce
- Natural resources
- Money to build factories
- Stable capitalist minded governments
5. Industrialization and Global Integration
1750 CE – 1900 CE
Industrialized nations in search of raw materials, new
markets imperialized areas to protect economic interests
Populations grew, people migrated to cities in search of
work in factories:
- Free-wage laborers more desirable than forced labor
in market-driven economy; slaves & serfs were emancipated
Women worked in factories but were paid considerably
less than men; economic opportunities and Enlightenment
ideals pushed women to fight for political rights
Working class emerged as force for change; workers
advocated for improved working conditions through
organization into unions.
5. Industrialization and Global Integration
1750 CE – 1900 CE
Western culture strongly influenced many Asian and
African areas through colonization
Enlightenment ideals became influential in many parts of the
world; ideas said government was responsible to its people,
inspiring revolutions and independence movements, pushing
some governments to experiment with democratic values.
- Equality, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion
In other parts of the world, traditional religious
organizations maintained power and influence
Democracy extended to limited class of people
"The Nation" and nationalism became new concepts of
identity in the 19th century; spread to many parts of the world
Imperialims left legacies: Migration, Indentured
Servitude, Racism, Social Darwinism
Andrew Marr's History of the World - Age
of Industry
In the seventh episode of this landmark series
charting the story of human civilisation,
Andrew Marr tells how Britain's
Industrial Revolution created the
modern world.
The old agricultural order of aristocratic
landowners, serfs and peasant farmers was
replaced by a new world of machines, cities
and industrialists. Across the world, many
resisted this sweeping change. From China
to America, Russia to Japan, bitter
battles were fought between the
modernisers and those who rejected
the new way of life.
In Europe, new industrial powers competed with
YouTube: Andrew Marr's History of the World - Age of Industry
6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
1900 to Today
Two world wars and the Cold War marked the conflicts of
the Twentieth Century.
Atomic Bomb and other WMDs.
TECHNOLOGY!!! SPACE!!!!
Rise and fall of Communism
GLOBALIZATION
ENERGY DOMINATONS. Rise of OPEC and Arab nations.
Populations continually moved and shifted.
Communications in the form of telegraphs, radio, movies,
telephones, television and computers highlight the era.
Internet
6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
1900 to Today
With improved healthcare and decreased death rates,
world population grew from 1 billion in 1900 to 6 billion +
Movement of people increased. Many in search of better
economic opportunities; some refugees forced to leave homelands
Traditional social structures challenged as a result of
movements that attempted to empower working and peasant
classes, like introduction of communist governmets
Women gained right to vote in many parts of world and
access to new ecomomic opportunites and education;
development of birth control pill further empowered women
World became integrated through technology, cultures
blended, some came to dominate others
Religious fundamentalism developed in some regions,
6. Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
1900 to Today
Rise in nation-state and nationalism led to adoption of
political systems from totalitarianism to democracy
World wars demonstrated influence of technology on warfare,
also marked decline of Europe as global power
Colonial areas asserted themselves and fought for
indendence but were later involved in new global conflict
called the Cold War ("Third World" Wars in Global South Vietnam, Korea, Latin/South America, Africa, SE Asia)
Since end of Cold War, nations have attempted both economic
and political reforms; international and multinational
organizations have attempted to find new world order
Rise of more globally connected world may blur lines of
nation-state
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's War of the World, Episode I - Clash of Empires
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's The War of the World - Episode II - The Plan
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's The War of the World - Episode 3 - Killing Space
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's The War of the World - Episode 4 - A Tainted Victory
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's The War of the World - Episode 5 - The Icebox
YouTube: Niall Ferguson's The War of the World - Episode 6 - The Descent of the West