Transcript POWERPOINT EXPLAINING THE "BIG 100" File

WORLD HISTORY WORD WALL:
“THE BIG 100”
Anthony Salciccioli | Clarenceville High School | Grade 10
UNIT I TERMS- “FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD
HISTORY: ERAS 1-3, BEGINNINGS TO 300
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
•
How you perceive history- it’s value, it’s importance, it’s usage
•
The different sides of a story. Even though the event
happened, people will see it differently
HISTORICAL SCALE
•
Amount of detail you bring
to a historical event
•
Changing your levels of
history from personal, local,
national, world
•
Placing yourself in different
timeframes. Projecting your
self in the past and future
PRIMARY SOURCES
•
The most original, unbiased
piece of information.
•
Allows us to think for
ourselves, free from bias
HOW TO ASSESS CLAIMS
•
Most important thing I can
teach you as a social studies
teacher.
•
1. Intuition: (Hunch)
•
2. Authority: (Should I listen
to this person? Are they
experts on the subject?
•
Logic: Does this make
logical sense?
•
Evidence: This is what always
should be sought out.
SIX STEPS TO ARCHEOLOGY
•
•
Archeology allows us to
understand our human story
by providing evidence on
our distant past.
More of a hard science,
than social science
•
1. Locate a site
•
2. Map
•
3. Excavate
•
4. Screen
•
5. Document
•
6. Laboratory Analysis
RACE
•
Biologically, there is no race.
•
We are all Homo Sapiens
•
There is significant difference
in race sociologically.
KINGDOM
•
A country, state, or territory
ruled by a king or queen.
•
These are ruled along
hereditary lines and are not
democratic nor meritbased.
CIVILIZATION
•
A group of people that
possess 7 criterion
•
1. Cities- The engine of
civilization
•
A group needs to have all 7
to be considered civilized.
•
2. Advanced tools
•
3. Social Classes
•
4. Specialized Jobs
•
5. Writing
•
6. Organized Religion
•
7. Government and Laws
•
Other peoples existed that
did not meet these 7.
EMPIRE
•
An extensive group of states
or countries under a single
supreme authority, formerly
especially an emperor or
empress.
•
“Conquer and Expand”
HISTORICAL BIAS
•
A particular tendency,
trend, inclination, feeling, or
opinion, especially one that
is preconceived or
unreasoned. Whether
favorable, or unfavorable, it
is a belief that not objective.
CITY-STATE
•
A city that with its
surrounding territory forms
an independent state.
•
Greece had over 1,000, so
they were able to
experiment with various
ways of governance.
HEGEMONY
•
Leadership or dominance,
especially by one country or
social group over others.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
•
Cultural diffusion is the
spread of cultural beliefs
and social activities from
one group to another. The
mixing of
world cultures through
different ethnicities, religions
and nationalities. It has
increased with advanced
communication,
transportation and
technology.
• THE
MORE PEOPLE
YOU MIX WITH, THE
MORE YOU LEARN.
DIASPORA
•
The dispersion of any people
from their original
homeland.
•
This has happened to
groups that have faced
push migrations.
PUSH VS. PULL MIGRATIONS
•
Reasons why people leave
where they are.
•
Push factors are negative.
•
Pull are positive.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
•
The study of historical
writing.
•
We evaluate whether the
information comes from a
good or bad source.
•
Some sources are highly
biased, so it validates the
usage of primary sources.
SYNCRETISM
•
The combining or
attempted combining of
different religions, cultures,
or schools of thought.
•
This is most evident in the
Chinese belief systems.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
•
Feeling experienced when
evidence presented violates
what we were taught.
•
Part of process in finding
evidence related to
historical event.
ETHNOCENTRISM
•
Evaluation of other cultures
according to
preconceptions originating
in the standards and
customs of one's own
culture.
•
Belief that, “one’s people”
are superior to another.
HUNTING AND GATHERING
•
Ways Homo Sapiens lived for
millennia
•
Small groups that worked
collectively
•
Was very effective
•
Began to go away 10,000
years ago when man shifted
to Agrarian ways
•
Very few people on earth
live this way now.
AGRARIAN SOCIETIES
•
Began when mankind filled
up the world.
•
It took man roughly 170,000
years to fill world from East
Africa to Southern South
America
•
Sedentary populations led
to major changes.
CITIES
•
Engines of Civilization
•
Emerged when Agrarian
societies stayed sedentary
for long periods of time
•
Where cities emerge give
perspective to world
hegemony throughout
history.
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
•
These were the first four
civilizations in history
•
They emerged in good
climates, along rivers
•
The first four were Sumer
(Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt
(Nile), Indus Valley (Indus),
China (Yellow)
•
All possessed the 7 criterions
for civilization.
WORLD RELIGIONS
•
Answer Fundamental
Questions all people ask
•
Adapt to cultures where
they spread
•
Are adopted by the political
leadership
•
Are portable and have a
message that transcends
geography
•
Western ones are:
•
1. Judaism
•
2. Christianity
•
3. Islam
•
Eastern ones are:
•
4. Hinduism
•
5. Buddhism
4 FUNCTIONS OF RELIGIONS
•
1. Cosmological- Answers
the questions where man fits
into cosmos
•
2. Mystical- Provides
profound, transcendent
experiences
•
3. Pedagogical- What is
taught from generation to
generation
•
4. Sociological- Provides a
group to identify with and
support networks.
TURNING POINT
•
This is a historian’s reasoning
device that eludes to key
moments in history.
•
In other words, these hinge
moments point history into
an entirely different
direction and serves as
causation for future
outcomes.
UNIT II TERMS: ERA 4- EXPANDING AND INTENSIFIED HEMISPHERIC
INTERACTIONS, 300 TO 1500 C.E.
POPULATION GROWTH
•
Caused by:
•
1. Invention of Iron
•
2. Farming and Pastoral
Nomadism
•
3. Improved Crops
•
4. Usage of horses and
camels
•
5. People living in denser
populations boost immune
systems.
EXPANDING NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE
Routes
Empires
Around 300 BCE to 300 CE,
merchants, shippers, sea
captains, and empire-builders
extended and strengthened
trade routes across
Afroeurasia and the Americas.
Empires required networks of
military and political
communication. These
networks encouraged
interaction of many kinds over
long distances.
Writing
With the appearance of alphabetic
writing systems in Afroeurasia,
people could communicate faster
and easier than ever before.
Religions
The appearance of world religions—
Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and
Christianity—stimulated cultural
interchange across political and
cultural boundaries.
PASTORAL NOMADISM
•
Are producers of food, and
the size of their tribal or
ethnic units increases
accordingly. These groups
raise livestock, and they
move about within their
established territory to find
good pastures for their
animals.
COLLECTIVE LEARNING
•
Human beings build our
body of knowledge over
time.
•
Those from the past have
contributed inventions,
innovations, and ideas that
are still very much with us
today.
•
This is one of the main
reasons history is studied.
SILK ROAD
•
The Silk Road was a network
of trade routes, formally
established during the Han
Dynasty of China, which
linked the regions of the
ancient world in commerce.
•
This was the catalyst for the
world to increase it’s
interactions.
TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTE
•
This was the route that
connected Africa. Many
commodities passed along
these, the most important
being salt and gold.
•
This was to Africa what the
Silk Road was to Afroeurasia
•
This interconnectedness
boosted immune systems
along with economies.
WESTERN CIVILIZATION
•
This is the lineage that
began in Greece.
•
This Greek heritage was
passed to the Romans….
•
Which was passed to the
Byzantines…..
•
Which was passed to
Europe….
•
Which was passed to the
United States. We ultimately
have Greek roots.
EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
•
This is the portion of the
world that follows Buddhism,
Hinduism, Taoism,
Confucianism and Shinto.
•
They have high population
centers and cultural
similarities compared to the
western world.
DAR AL-ISLAM
•
This is the area of the world
under the rule of Islam ,
literally, "the home of Islam"
or "the home of submission.“
•
This concept was the
impetus for the spread of
Islam beginning in the 7th
century.
DYNASTIC CYCLE
•
Dynastic cycle is an important
political theory in Chinese
history. According to this
theory, every dynasty goes
through a culture cycle. A new
ruler unites China, founds a
new dynasty, and gains the
Mandate of Heaven
PANDEMICS
•
These are serious diseases
that kill large numbers of
people throughout the
world.
•
Although they are tragic,
they have altered world
history
•
i.e. Indigenous deaths
through smallpox, European
economy post-Bubonic
Plague
MEDIEVAL TIMES
•
In European history,
the Middle
Ages or Medieval
period lasted from the 5th to
the 15th century. It began
with the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire and
merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery.
WORLD ZONES
•
1. Afro-Eurasia: Africa and the
Eurasian landmass, including
offshore islands like Britain and
Japan
•
2. The Americas: North, Central, and
South America, plus offshore islands
like the Caribbean Islands
•
3. Australasia: Australia and the
island of Papua New Guinea, plus
neighboring islands in the Pacific
Ocean
•
4. The Pacific: Island societies such
as New Zealand, Micronesia,
Melanesia, Hawaii
•
(Antarctica is not considered a
world zone because until very
recently no people lived there.)
UNIT III TERMS: ERA 5- THE EMERGENCE OF
THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE, 15TH-18TH
CENTURIES
ABSOLUTISM
•
A political theory holding that all power should be vested in
one ruler or other authority. Kings and Queens believed they
had complete control over government and the lives of their
people
•
The most widespread political system in use in Europe and
parts of Asia in 1500-1600.
DIVINE RIGHTS OF KINGS
•
The philosophical justification that monarchial rule comes from
God’s will. Allows leaders to essentially do what they want.
THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
•
A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing
reason and individualism rather than tradition.
•
It was fueled by free-thinkers and philosophers and still has tremendous influence on
modern education and government.
AGE OF DISCOVERY AND
EXPLORATION
•
Began with Portugal in the 15th Century and resulted in
European nations navigating the earth to seek economic
gains.
•
This initiated significant global changes.
EUROPEAN MIRACLE
•
“The European Miracle”, a term coined by Eric Jones refers to
the sudden rise of Europe during the late Middle Ages.
•
REFORMATION + RENAISSANCE + SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION +
ENGLIGHTENMENT + AGE OF DISCOVERY= EUROPEAN MIRACLE.
•
Europe went from poor, ignorant, and
backwater to having world hegemony in a
short time.
NATION-STATE
•
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively
homogeneous in factors such as language or common
descent.
•
In other words, the modern idea of being a citizen of a
country….not a kingdom, dynasty, empire, fiefdom, etc. that
we’ve seen in the ancient world.
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
•
A 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses
in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the
establishment of the Reformed and Protestant
Churches
•
Resulted in significant increases in literacy in Europe
due to Luther’s promoting reading the bible in the
vernacular, not Latin.
COUNTER-REFORMATION
•
The period of Catholic
resurgence beginning with the
Council of Trent (1545–1563)
and ending at the close of the
Thirty Years' War (1648), and
was initiated in response to the
Protestant Reformation.
RENAISSANCE
•
A cultural movement that spanned from the 14th-17th
Century that ended Medieval Times and brought
renewal and growth to Europe.
•
Began in Italy and then spread outward to the rest of
Europe
Art
AFFECTED
Religion
Philosophy
Politics
Literature
Architecture
Science
Music
FEUDALISM
•
The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility
held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and
vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were
obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a
share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
•
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern
science during the early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human
anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and
nature.
CAPITALISM
•
An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are
controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state that became the
dominant economic system in Western World
COERCED LABOR
•
When people are forced to labor against one’s will
•
Types: Slavery, Bride buying, Child Labor, Indentured Servitude, Human trafficking,
Impressment, Peonage, Penal Labor
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
•
Vast Global economic exchange that started with Columbus
when he returned to Spain in 1493, bringing plants and animals
that he found in the Americas.
•
It caused a global population explosion and commercial
revolution:
GREAT DYING
This occurred when Europeans arrived in the Americas. Up to
95% of indigenous people died due to European’s guns, germs
(smallpox), and greed.
GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE
•
Mutual dependence at a global level. In other words, one
country depends on another country for something and that
country may depend on another country, which eventually
creates global interdependence.
MERCANTILISM
•
Economic policy aimed at strengthening a national economy
by exporting more goods than importing.
•
Often colonial powers forced their colonies to provide raw
materials for these economies and then buy the finished
products.
“GUNPOWDER” EMPIRES
•
These are the Empires that embraced the usage of
firearms and subsequently gained power through
the military might their weapons afforded them.
These six are the European Empires, Safavid,
Mughal, Russian, Ming China, and the Ottomans.
UNIT IV: ERA 6 - AN AGE OF GLOBAL
REVOLUTIONS, 18TH CENTURY TO 1914
CONSTITUTIONALISM
•
This was when nations adopted Constitutions to serve as, “rule
books” for running nations
DEMOCRACY
•
The word 'democracy' has
its origins in the Greek
language. It combines two
shorter words:
'demos' meaning whole citizen
living within a particular citystate and
'kratos' meaning power or rule.
In short, it is a system where
the majority rules.
INALIENABLE RIGHTS
These are rights that are
indelible and cannot be
taken away.
For us, these are stated in the
first Ten Amendments of our
Constitution known as the Bill
of Rights
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM
NATIONALISM
•
The strong belief that the
interests of a particular nationstate are of primary
importance. Also, the belief
that a people who share a
common language, history, and
culture should constitute an
independent nation, free of
foreign domination.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
•
It’s the idea that the power of
this government comes from
"We the People", that the
American government, our
government, is ruled by its
people through their votes.
REPUBLICANISM
Republicanism is a system of government where people vote for people to speak
on their behalf. Here is where our 435 seats are in the United States
REVOLUTIONS DURING THIS TIME
•
Democratic- Many countries
gaining sovereignty and
adopting democracy.
•
Industrial- Economies and
culture based upon the
industrial process.
•
Abolitionism- Countries
eliminating slavery.
•
Revolutions are a means of
getting rid of the old way
and replacing it with
something new.
RULE OF LAW
•
This is an idea that began
with the Magna Carta in
1215 and increased over
time.
•
All people follow the law.
•
People will come and go,
but the laws remain the
same.
SECULARISM
• Secularism
is the
principle of the
separation of
government
institutions and
people.
SOCIAL CONTRACT
On a smaller scale, the teacher and student relationship demonstrates that mutual
sacrifices result in mutual benefits.
CAPITALISM
•
An economic and political
system in which a country's
trade and industry are
controlled by private owners for
profit, rather than by the state.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
•
When economies switched
from agriculture to factories.
•
This created large cities and
major global changes in
regards to economy,
culture, and hegemony.
LABOR UNIONS
•
These are groups of workers
that band together in
solidarity in order to create
better working conditions for
themselves.
•
Were the catalyst of the
working class.
URBANIZATION
•
This is the process of people
abandoning their rural roots
and moving into cities.
•
In Detroit, immigrants from
Southern and Eastern
Europe, Blacks from the
south (Great Migration)and
whites from Appalachia
moved here to work in
factories.
WORKING CLASS
•
This class emerged during
this time. The working class
are the people employed
for wages, especially in
manual-labor occupations
and in skilled, industrial
work. Workingclass occupations include
blue-collar jobs, some whitecollar jobs, and most
service-work jobs.
IMPERIALISM
•
This was the process of a
large, well-armed nation
going to a smaller, militarily
weaker nation and imposing
their economic and social
will.
SOCIAL DARWINISM
•
The theory that individuals,
groups, and peoples are
subject to the same Darwinian
laws of natural selection as
plants and animals
•
Philosophy behind European
imperial nations which
demonstrated significant
racism.
•
People of color throughout the
world were subjugated due to
this philosophy.
UNIT 5: ERA 7 - GLOBAL CRISIS AND
ACHIEVEMENT, 1900-1945
BALANCE OF POWER POST WAR
•
In 1900 Europe had
hegemony over the world.
•
By 1945, the balance of
power shifted. After two
World Wars and a Great
Depression, the power
shifted.
•
Former colonies became
independent and the USA
and USSR became the
world’s superpowers.
COMMUNISM
•
This is a system of
government where all
resources are collectivized
•
It emerged in the Soviet
Union after the Bolshevik
Revolution ousted Czar
Nicholas II.
•
Ultimately fails due to the
lack of incentive.
FASCISM
•
This is a philosophy where a
leader has total control over
the decisions facing a
country.
•
Emerged in Spain, Germany,
Italy, Japan, and the USSR
•
Adopted by the people in
times of duress and crisis
•
Eliminated by a criticalthinking populace and
democracy
GENOCIDE
•
The deliberate killing of a large
group of people, especially
those of a particular ethnic
group or nation.
•
They have occurred throughout
history but there were two
major ones during this time,
the Armenian Genocide and
the Holocaust
GLOBAL GREAT DEPRESSION
•
Five causes were:
•
1) Inequality of Wealth
•
2) Protectionism
•
3) Stock Market Crashes
•
4) Overproduction of
Agriculture
•
5) War Debts and
Reparations
HOLOCAUST
•
The Holocaust was the sum
total of all anti-Jewish actions
carried out by the Nazi regime
between 1933 and 1945
•
It resulted in 13,000,000
deaths, including over
6,000,000 Jewish people
MILITARISM
•
The belief or desire of a
government or people that a
country should maintain a
strong military capability and
be prepared to use it
aggressively to defend or
promote national interests.
INDUSTRIALIZED WEAPONS
•
These were weapons that
were made using the
industrial process
•
Their creation and
implementation resulted in
the bloodiest century in
human history
•
More people were killed in
the 20th century than all
previous centuries
combined.
MODERNITY
•
From 1900-1945, many
inventions were created
that ushered in the, “Era of
Modernity”
•
These included the radio,
airplane, automobile,
assembly line, telephone,
movies, and most
importantly, electricity
TOTALITARIANISM
•
A political system where the
state recognizes no limits to its
authority and strives to
regulate every aspect of public
and private life wherever
feasible.
ATOMIC AGE
•
The period of history following
the detonation of the first
nuclear, or "atomic“ bomb,
Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during
World War II.
•
This changed the world
irreparably as humans created
the capabilities for world-wide
suicide
UNIT 6: ERA 8- THE COLD WAR AND ITS
AFTERMATH: THE 20TH CENTURY SINCE 1945
ARMS RACE AND SPACE RACE
•
A competition between the
Superpowers for superiority
in the development and
accumulation of weapons
and advancements in
space.
•
This fueled actions between
the USA and USSR during the
Cold War.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
•
The refusal to comply with
certain laws or to pay taxes
and fines, as a peaceful form
of political protest.
•
This method was used during
this time period to combat
colonial powers, unjust
governments, and in the
struggle for full citizenship
DOMINO THEORY
•
The domino theory was
a theory prominent from the
1950s to the 1980s, that
speculated that if one country
in a region came under the
influence of communism, then
the surrounding countries
would follow in a domino effect.
•
Largely responsible for the
Korean and Vietnam Conflicts,
as well as several smaller
incidents in the 1980’s.
CONTAINMENT
•
Containment was a United
States policy using numerous
strategies to prevent the
spread of communism abroad.
A component of the Cold War,
this policy was a response to a
series of moves by the Soviet
Union to enlarge its communist
sphere of influence in Eastern
Europe, China, Korea, and
Vietnam.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
•
This is when one culture of a
large and powerful country,
organization, etc. having a
great influence on another less
powerful country
•
This has increased since the
end of the Cold War
GLOBALIZATION
•
Globalization is a process of
interaction and integration
among the people, companies,
and governments of different
nations, a process driven by
international trade and
investment and aided by
information technology.
MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION
(M.A.D.)
•
Mutual assured destruction, or
MAD, is a doctrine of military
strategy and national security
policy in which a full-scale use
of nuclear weapons by two or
more opposing sides would
cause the complete
annihilation of both the attacker
and the defender
•
This has been the pervasive
philosophy of the Atomic Age
BRINKMANSHIP
•
The art or practice of pursuing
a dangerous policy to the limits
of safety before stopping,
typically in politics.
•
This took place throughout the
Cold War, with the Cuban
Missile Crisis being the best
example.
DECOLONIZATION
•
Decolonization is defined as
the act of getting rid of
colonization, or freeing a
country from being dependent
on another country. An
example of decolonization is
India becoming independent
from England after World War
II.
•
Happened throughout the postWorld War world
DEMOCRATIZATION
•
This was the process of
nations moving from prior
models of governance to
democratic forms.
•
In 1920, there were 15
democratic nations, today
2/3 of the world uses a form
of democratic government
to run their nations.
UNIT 7: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ISSUES, PAST TO
PRESENT
ETHNIC CLEANSING
•
The mass expulsion or killing
of members of an unwanted
ethnic or religious group in a
society.
•
This has been perpetrated by
many radical regimes in recent
years and is based on extreme
religious and/or political
viewpoints.
FOSSIL FUELS
•
Fossil fuel is a general term for
buried combustible geologic
deposits of organic materials,
formed from decayed plants
and animals that have been
converted to crude oil, coal,
natural gas, or heavy oils by
exposure to heat and pressure
in the earth's crust over
hundreds of millions of years.
•
The burning of these has
caused environmental
damage.
GLOBAL WARMING
•
A gradual increase in the
overall temperature of the
earth's atmosphere generally
attributed to the greenhouse
effect caused by increased
levels of carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, and other
pollutants.
21ST CENTURY MIGRATIONS
•
More than 70 million people
have been forced to leave their
homes because of conflict,
political upheaval and
disasters, as well as by climate
change and development
projects, and are now living as
migrants.
•
This shift has, and will continue
to, greatly effect world
geopolitics
NATURAL RESOURCES
•
Natural resources are
materials provided by the Earth
that humans can use to make
more complex (human-made)
products.
•
World economies are based
upon these and mankind faces
challenges as they continue to
be depleted.
TERRORISM
•
This is when regimes use
violence and intimidation in the
pursuit of political aims.
•
9/11/01 is considered a turning
point in terrorism and the world
has been riddled with many
attacks since then.
•
This has ushered in an era
where often the need for
security has lessened
individual liberties.
OVERPOPULATION
•
Overpopulation is a function of
the number of individuals
compared to the relevant
resources, such as the water
and essential nutrients they
need to survive. It can result
from an increase in births, a
decline in mortality rates, an
increase in immigration, or an
unsustainable biome and
depletion of resources.
•
The world now has 7 Billion
people living on it.
THE INFORMATION AGE
•
The Information Age (also
known as the Computer Age,
Digital Age, or New Media Age)
is a period in human history
characterized by the shift from
traditional industry that the
Industrial Revolution brought
through industrialization, to an
economy based on information
computerization.
FINAL WORD….
•
•
Thank you for spending this
year with me and I hope this
class was a beneficial
experience for you.
I wish you all the best in your
future years and hope to
keep in touch with many of
you.
•
Now a final perspective to
leave you with…..
•
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=XH7ZRF6zNoc