Transcript Islamic Countries South West Asia and North Africa

Islamic Countries
South West Asia and North Africa
Ch 19 20 and 21
Map
Countries
Countries
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• United Arab Emigrates- Abu
Dhabi
• Qatar- Doha
• Bahrain- Manawa
• Turkey- Ankara
• Cyprus- Nicosia
• Syria- Damascus
• Lebanon- Beirut
• Jordan- Amman
• Israel- Jerusalem
Iraq- Baghdad
Iran- Tehran
Afghanistan- Kabul
Kuwait- Kuwait City
Saudi Arabia- Riyadh
Oman- Muscat
Yemen- Sanaa
Egypt- Cairo
Tunisia – Tunis
Libya- Tripoli
Algeria- Algiers
Morocco- Rabat
Map
Landforms
• Sahara Desert
• Arabian Peninsula
• Sinai Peninsula
• Zagros Mtns
• Hindu Kush
• Anatolia
• Atlas Mtns
• An Nafud
• Rub Al Khali
Water
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Euphrates River
Tigris River
Nile- White and Blue
Jordan River
Persian Gulf
Gulf of Aden
Arabian Sea
Red Sea
Dead Sea
Suez Canal
Bosporus Strait
Strait of Dardanelles
Strait of Hormuz
Cities
• Alexandria
• Bethlehem
• Mecca
• Medina
• Giza
• Istanbul
• Tel Aviv
• Casablanca
• Constantine
Others
• West Bank
• Gaza Strip
• Golan Heights
History
• 1st civilization developed in the fertile
crescent
– Between Tigris and Euphrates River =
Mesopotamia (Iraq)
– 3500 BC – 600 BC Great Civilizations
• Sumerians- developed writing
• Hittites- developed iron weapons
• Phoenicians- first major traders and explorers
History
• 600 BC- 1300 AD – many empires ruled
• 1300 – 1914 Ottoman Empire ruled area – Osman
Leader
• 1973- Arab- Israeli war
• 1992- Persian Gulf War- NATO (US) vs Iraq over
Kuwait
• 2001 – Afghanistan
• 2003- US invades Iraq get rid of Saddam Why?
Middle East
• Desert covers most of the region
• Mtns receive most of the rain
• Agriculture is the major occupation in SW Asia
- Barley, wheat, little life stock
- Fruits, olives, figs, nuts and grapes on the
Mediterranean Coast
- Irrigation first developed in SW Asia
(Deep Wells)
Israel only country considered to be developed
Oil
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Richest mineral resource in the region
Mainly on the shores of the Persian Gulf and Iraq
Economies rise and fall with oil prices
OPEC- Origin of Petroleum Exporting Countries
– Try to control oil prices around the world
– Include Iraq, Algeria, Iran , Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, U.A.E, Gabon, Indonesia, Nigeria, Venezuela
Religion
• 3 major religions started in
SW Asia
• Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Judaism
• First monotheist (one god)
religion
• Formed in Palestine region
• Descendants of Abraham ‘s
son Isaac
• Torah – Old Testament of
the bible
• Jesus was just a false
prophet not the savior
Religions
Christianity
Islam
• Spread during Roman era
( Paul and Simon)
• Founded on the teachings of
Jesus
• Spilt into Roman Catholic and
Orthodox Christianity around
1000 BC
• Protestants- broke away from
Roman Catholics 1500’s
• Christianity became the
dominant religion of Western
Hemisphere
• Founded by Muhammad (570632)
• Followers of Islam called
Muslims
• Quran is the Sacred Book
• Followers of Abraham’s God
through Ishmael
• One god called Allah ( Same
God )
• Split into Shiites (10-15 %) and
Sunnis (85-90 %)
Culture and conflict
• Arabs dominate the region- mostly Islamic
• Israel founded 1948- Mostly Jewish
• Arab- Israel in constant conflict- Palestine
- both seek peace
• Christians in Lebanon- Conflict
• Others- Kurds in Northern Iraq
Issues
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Conflict is constant- Terrorist groups
Rising population
Conflicts over water rights
Oil reserves have become major world
interest
• Women have little rights in Middle East
Iraq
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Capital : Baghdad
G.D.P.- $2400
Lit. Rate 40%
First civilization
developed in fertile
crescent in Iraq
• 3 landforms-plains,
dessert, mtn.
• 1/3 of people in
agriculture
• Baghdad-ancient city of
Islamic culture
• North Iraq-Kurds-want
independence
• Irrigation major task- land
too salty due to over use
• Grow ¾ of worlds dates
• Major oil fields, but little
jobs-mechanized
Iraq
• Very aggressive and war
like people
• 1980 invaded Iran (10
years)
• Invaded Kuwait in 1990lost big time!!!
• Persian Gulf War 1991Saddam Hussein
• Now- still fighting- vs.
U.S. troops in- 2002- 2nd
Persian Gulf War
• U.S and Iraq govt. vs.
Taliban and terrorist
• US has pulled out all
major operation and
handed control back to
Iraq Government
Iran
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Capital Tehran
GDP- $7000
Lit. Rate- 79%
Formally known as
Persia until1935- one of
largest empire in world
history
• Persian rugs-prized for
centuries
• Zagros; Elburz and
Kopet mtns
• Steppe and desert
climate
• 1/3 of people farmers
• Largest producer of
Pistachios
• 1951 nationalized oil
industry-provide jobs
Iran
• Speak Farsi
• Marketplace and
mosque (church)characteristics of
Iranian city
• Stormy politics- not
many allies- recent
trouble
• Threatens to close strait
of Hormuz
• Trying to get nuclear
weapons
• Struggling with
redirection of country
Afghanistan
• Capital Kabul
• GDP- $700
• Lit. Rate- 36%
• Landlocked, dry, mountainous
– not good landscape
• One of worlds least developed
countries
• Pashtun- largest ethnic group
• Religions- Sunni Muslim 84%,
Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%
• Women lower life expectancy
in Afghanistan- no rights in the
90’s
• Mtns. possible minerals??
Can’t check because they lack
money
• Natural gas provides some
money
• Leading exporter of Opium in
the world
Afghanistan
• 1980’s and early 90’s
civil war USSR was
involved
• Taliban- Sunni Muslimsstrict laws 1990’s
• U.K. and U.N. forces in
2002
• US still fighting in
Afghanistan
Kuwait
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cap. Kuwait City
GDP- $15000
Lit. Rate-84%
Small oil rich country
Wealthy Kuwait families
ruled the country for
years
• One of the highest per
capita in the world
• U.S. good relationship
with Kuwait- helped
kick out Iraq in early
1990’s
Saudi Arabia
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Capital- Riyadh
GDP- 10,500
Lit. Rate- 79%
On Arabian Peninsuladesert, desert, desert!!!
• People live near water
and oil.
• Mecca- Islam’s most
important city, also
Medina
• Now put Taxes on pilgrims
visiting Mecca- tourism?
• Oil along Persian gulf – ¼
of remaining oil.
• Most desalinized
seawater plants in the
world
Saudi Arabia
• Cold nights 30 degrees,
114 degrees days.
• Deserts-An Nafud &
Rub Al Khali,
• Rub Al Khali- akaEmpty Quarter- 4” of
rain/year- Active sand
dunes
• red soil
• Can influence oil prices
worldwide! How?
• Theocracy Govt.Islamic law – U.S. allies
• Aid poor countries by
them
Oman
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Capital – Muscat
GDP-$8,300
Lit. Rate- 78%
Formerly Muscat and
Oman
• Ruled by sultanate –
Muslim monarch – Sultan
• Long been isolated from
world
• Oil improving living
conditions
Yemen
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capital – Sanaa
GDP- $840
Lit. Rate-38%
Until 1990 2 countries –
North Yemen and South
Yemen
• One of the worlds largest
per capita, BUT 60% of
people are illiterate
• oil helped make Yemen
financially independent
• Agriculture and sheep
missing
• Coffee first cultivated in
Yemen
• In recent years trouble
with terrorists groups
Gulf States
• U.A.E./ Qatar/ Bahrain
• All oil rich countries
and small –desert
• Oil, rapid economic
growth
• Popular to tourist from
Saudi and Kuwait
United Arab Emirates
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cap. Abu Dhabi
GDP- $ 22,000
Lit. Rate-85%
Slightly smaller than
Maine (seven emirates or
territories)
• Religions Muslim 96%
• Dubai- most modern
Emirate- very modernhost golf and tennis
tourney
Qatar
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cap. Doha
GDP- $21,500
Lit. Rate-79%
Slightly smaller than
Connecticut
• Religions Muslim 95%
• Al Jazeera- popular and
controversial Arabic
satellite television
network.
Bahrain
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cap. Manawa
GDP- 14,000
Lit. Rate- 89%
Religions Shi'a Muslim
70%, Sunni Muslim 30%
• Home to U.S. military
base- close ties to U.S.
• Becoming a very
modern country
Turkey
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cap. Ankara
GDP-17,000
Lit. Rate- 87%
Small part of Country in
Europe, But mostly in S.W.
Asia
• Bosporus and
Dardanelles- Straits that
dived Europe and S.W.
Asia
• Mostly rolling plains and
hills – Mts: Taurus, Pontic
-earthquakes
• Med. Steppe climate
• Less that ½ suitable for
farming
• Wheat, barely, tobacco,
hazelnuts, cotton,
livestock
• Buildings dams = progress
• Some oil & mineral ores
Turkey
• Foods- shish kebab,
pilaf, borek
• Roads + R.R. developing
• Istanbul
(Constantinople) largest
city
• Modernizing since 1920
Allies with USA
• Women’s rights
recognized democratic ideas
• Issues – Conflict over
Cyprus with Greeks
• Cooperation with new
Central Asia- Slow
Cyprus
• cap- Nicosia
• GDP $ Greek area:
$16,000- Turkish area:
$5,300
• Lit. Rate- 94%
• Rock, mountainous island
• ¾ are Greek & ¼ are
Turks.
• Set up two republics and
two govt.
• Greek rep. 3 times the
per capita as Turk side
• Religion- Greek Orthodox
78%, Muslim 18%
Syria
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capital Damascus
GDP $3500
Lit. Rate-77%
Grow citrus fruits.
Cotton. Wheat, barley,
livestock
• Major water problem –
dams helping- Some oil
• Leader in opposition vs.
Israel (Arab country) –
• May be housing
terrorists
• Syria wants aid from
U.S. and Europe
• Bashar Al-Assad –
current leader not good
Lebanon
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Capital Beirut
GDP $ 5400
Lit. Rate- 86%
1/3 are Christians –
Used to be called “Paris
of the Middle East”
• Very modern and
westernized country –
great trees for early
explorers
• Civil wars between
Christians and Muslimsin the 1980’s
• UN and NATO helped
resolve conflict
• 1990’s developed stable
government –
rebuilding
• Religion- Muslim 70%
& Christian 30%
Jordan
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Capital Amman
GDP $4300
Lit. Rate-68%
Independence – 1946 –
conflict with Israel
• Most food must be
imported
• Arab – Israeli conflict
throughout 1900’s Peace treaty 1994
• Desert – not much oil
• Only recently has there
been peace in this area
– mostly due to religion
Israel
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Capital – Jerusalem
GDP $19,000
Lit. Rate- 95%
Once ancient land of
Palestine
• Dead Sea – lowest point
on earth (continent)
• Less than 5% of people
in agriculture
• Kibbutz – efficient
collective farms
• Sophisticated water
management systems
Israel
• No coal or hydro
electricity and few
minerals
• High tech industry –
computers, weapons,
engineers
• Large diamond industry.
• Tourism major industryJerusalem
History – Jews started kingdom
3000 years ago
• Jews forced to leave- called
Zionist Movement (1800’s)
• Want Palestine region backJews
• After World War II – Palestine
divided – Jews and Arabs
• War followed 1948 – Israeli
defeats Palestinian and Arab
allies – 1956,1967 and 1973 –
wars
• Israel won all three conflicts
• 1978 – (Camp David) President
Carter (Sadat) Egypt and
(Begin) Israel – sign peace
treaty
• Now – modern – urban nation
– 85% Jewish
• Tel Aviv – largest city
• West bank and Gaza strip area
still and issue – Muslim
controlled
PLO
• Palestinian Liberation
Organization – Muslim
terrorist group
• Attacked Israeli citizens,
planes – but now want
peace –
• 1993 PLO and state of
Israel – peace treaty
• Has a seat in UN
North Africa
• Region dominated by Sahara Desert- Sahara
means desert in Arabic
• 2 causes 1) High Pressure 2) No Moist Air
• Characteristics- few plants , few animals and
people
• The Nile River- delta and Valley had very rich soil
• Longest River- 4,187 Miles Long
• White and Blue Nile Combine
• Ancient Civilization developed along the Nile
Egypt
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Capital – Cairo
Lit Rate 51 %
GDP $ 2,900
Most usable land relies
on the Nile River
• Aswan Dam- irrigates 2
million acres and
creates 10 billion KWH
of electricity
• Suez Canal- 1869
connected the
Mediterranean Sea and
the Indian Oceans- 100
miles long
• Great Pyramids at Giza
Egypt
• Imports more than 1/2 its
food because the soil is
less fertile- too salty
• Cotton is main cash crop
• Cairo- fastest growing city
• Alexandria founded by
Alexander the Great (332
BC) and has been a main
trade center of Egypt
• Oil is main export- no
forest and little coal
• Lack of Skilled Workers
• “Hollywood” of Arab
World
• Recent Revolution –
Overthrew Government
Spring of 2011- Hosni
Mubarak
• Social Media played a
huge role
Libya
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Capital Tripoli
Literacy Rate- 76 %
GDP $6570
Gained Independence
from Italy 1951
• Located on most
desolated shore of
Mediterranean
• 1959 – found oil
• 75% of population lives
near the Mediterranean
• Farming hard because of
heat and wind
• Oil improved
development
• Muammar al-QaddafiOverthrown in recent
revolution- Spring of 2012
violent overthrow
Tunisia
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Capital – Tunis
Lit Rate- 67%
GDP $4800
Independence from
France in 1956
• Center of Mediterranean
culture for thousands of
years
• Carthage was a major
trade center- Taken over
by Rome
• Mediterranean Climatehas very nice beaches
• Grows wheat and olives –
only 20% of land farmable
• Olive oil major export
• Good transportation and
industrial infrastructure
• Ties to France still
• Problems- Not enough
jobs- Center of recent
revolution in Spring of
2012
Algeria
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Capital – Algiers
Literacy Rate 62 %
GDP $4000
Independent from
France in 1962
• Oil and natural gas is a
major export and most
of income
• 3 Major Industrial Cities
1) Algiers 2) Oran
3) Constantine
• Problems- ½ of food is
imported
– Twice as many graduates
as jobs available
Morocco
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Capital – Rabat
Literacy Rate- 44 %
GDP $ 3260
Independent from France
1956
• Islamic Kingdom on
Mediterranean and Atlantic
• Strait of Gibraltar – Europe
and Africa 8 miles apart
• Atlas Mtns- wettest climate in
Arab Nations
• Have 3/4 of the worlds
phosphate which is used in
fertilizer
• Casablanca – Largest city also
a movie
• Tangier – port on Strait of
Gibraltar
• Standard of Living is low for
most of country
• Allies with the US
• King descendant of
Muhammad