Transcript File - Mrs. Cannie McLemore

Chapter 21 – The
French Revolution and
Napoleon
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
I. The Roots of Revolution
A. The Old Regime
1) The privileged estates –
a. First Estate was clergy of Roman Catholic Church
1.
2.
Less then 1% of French Population
Owned 15% of French Land
i. Collected Rent, taxes and fees from Land
b. Second Estate was nobility
1.
2.
3.
1
Less then 2% of French population
Held highest positions in Government and Army
Paid few if any taxes, collected dues from peasants
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
c. The Third estate – The rest of French Population
97%
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
bourgeoisie (urban middle class)-merchants,
manufacturers, professional people such as Doctors and
Lawyers
city workers
Artisans- person with a craft (blacksmith, carpenter, blade
smith, etc)
rural peasants-Largest group, poorest group
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
3
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
B. Growing Discontent
1) Increased population and cost of living
a.
b.
Families had more children, needed more money to live
Higher estates raised rents and fees
2) Bourgeoisie wanted liberty and equality
a.
4
Had gained strength and prosperity
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
C. The Financial Crisis
1) Assistance to United States during American Revolution
led to France’s increased debts
a.
59 Year reign of Louis XV, he was faced with debts inherited
from Louis the XIV
2) Louis XVI tried to raise taxes, hoped a meeting of all
three estates would approve new taxes
a.
Married Marie-Antoinette, daughter of Austrian ruler, Maria
Theresa
3) Banks refused to loan French government
more money
5
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
6
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
D. The Meeting of the Estates General
1) The three estates had previously met separately
2) Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as
individuals
7
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
What does Sieyes mean when he says noting will go well
without the Third Estate?
8
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
II. The French Revolution
A. The Spread of the Revolution
1) During the meeting of the Estates General, King Louis XVI
moved troops into position to drive out the Assembly
a.
b.
Parisians took action against the Army
Capture of Bastille prison, looted for weapons and destroyed the
Bastille
2) General Lafayette formed the National Guard
a.
Flag of Red, White, Blue
3) Peasants developed “Great Fear”,
a.
b.
Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by crushing
the peasants
Peasants attacked local manor houses, destroyed documents
recording rents, dues, and obligations.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Happy Bastille Day!
10
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
B. The End of the Old Regime
1) Tried to end violence by ending feudalism,
outlawing tithes, canceling dues and services of
peasants
a. The Declaration of the Rights of Man – basic human
rights and political powers, applied to men only
1.
2.
3.
Men are born equal, freedom of speech, press, and religion
All men have right to public office, right of fair trial
“Liberty, equality, fraternity”
2) Émigrés and royalists – forced Louis XVI and
family to return to Paris, supported the Old Regime
11
a. Émigrés - a person who has left their own country in
order to settle in another, usually for political reasons.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
C. The Constitution of 1791
1) Limited powers of king
2) Divided government into three branches:
executive, legislative, and judicial
12
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
D. The Legislative Assembly and War
1) Executive branch was weak
2) Legislature was inexperienced; divided into
conservatives, radicals, and moderates
3) Legislative Assembly united to wage war
on Austria
13
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
E. The End of the Monarchy
1) Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to
overthrow Constitution of 1791
2) Legislative Assembly ended the Monarchy
3) National Convention drew up new constitution
14
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
III. The French Republic
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
A. The National Convention
1) Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male
could vote
2) Three main groups
a. Girondins- Republicans that fear Paris would dominate
France
b. Jacobins-supported the dominance of France by Paris
c. Delegates who had no definite views
15
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
B. Exporting the Revolution
1) France was being invaded by an alliance of Great Britian,
the Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia
2) Committee of Public Safety
a.
adopted “conscription” a draft
1. All unmarried, able-bodied men between 18-25 were subject to
Military service
3) Opposition – European monarchs formed an alliance
against France.
a.
16
Counterrevolutionary armies developed and fought the
revolutionary army
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
C. The Reign of Terror
1) Reign of Terror- Sept 1793- July 1794
a. National Convention worked to suppress all
opposition and revolts within France
2) Evolutionary Tribunal – tried to suppress all
opposition and revolts within France
a. Punished and executed those that were part of or
believed to be part of the counterrevolution
17
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
D. Work of the National Convention
1) Abolished slavery
2) Planned public education
3) Adopted metric system
18
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
E. The Directory
1) Governed by five individuals from the
government’s executive branch
2) Eliminated universal manhood suffrage
3) Weak, corrupt rulers
19
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
F. Napoléon Bonaparte
1) Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended
Military school in France, stood only 5’2”
a.
b.
By age 26 he was already a General
Married a leader of French society, Josephine de Beauharnais
2) Rise of Napoléon – strong military leader, gained control of
all northern Italy for France
3) Napoléon takes power – coup d’état due to unstable
government
a.
20
Used force to over take power
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
IV. The Napoléonic Era
A. Napoléon as Dictator
1) The Consulate – Napoléon gave himself unlimited powerDictator
a.
b.
c.
1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon
First five years were called The Consulate
He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to vote, which
was approved by the people
2) Accomplishments in government
a.
b.
c.
d.
21
Napoléonic Code
Bank of France
public education-high schools, universities, technical schools
Concordat-agreement with the Pope of Roman Catholic Churchacknowledged that most of France was catholic, but allowed
religious freedom
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
B. Napoléon as Emperor
1) French people voted to become an empire
2) Napoléon crowned himself
a. Power permanent and hereditary
3) Defeated Austria and Russia
4) Blockade of British Isles
22
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
C. The Reorganization of Europe
1) Increased nationalism – Napoléon placed
members of his own family as monarchs of
countries he conquered; loyalty and patriotism
2) The Peninsular War – Spanish and Portuguese
revolt against French rule
a. Drove Napoleon’s family out of rule in Spain
23
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
D. Catastrophe in Russia
1) Upset that Russia was trading with Great Brittan, though they
were allies with France
2) The Grand Army of 600,000 – marched to Russia, but were
defeated through lack of proper housing and supplies,
scorched earth
a.
Russian winter was coming so the retreated
3) Final defeat – Western European countries allied against
France and Napoleon
a.
24
Restored the Monarchy to Louis XVIII
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
E. The Hundred Days
1) During 1814 and early 1815 Napoleon escaped
exile in Elba and returned to France
2) King sent army to capture Napoleon
a. Napoleon convinced them to join him against king
3) Napoléon led this army into France drove out the
King and ruled for one hundred days until Britain,
Prussia, and Netherlands were victorious and
forced him into exile
25
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
V. A Return to Peace
A. The Congress of Vienna
1) The principles of the Congress of Vienna, Austria
a.
Restore order, avoid further rebellions against monarchy, keep
peace, suppress possible revolutions
2) Met to achieve stability in Europe and settle Territorial
questions
a.
b.
c.
26
Compensation-the countries that had suffered the most at the
hands of Napoleon had to be paid back
balance of power-had to be restored to Europe so that no country
became to powerful
Legitimacy-all former ruling families should be restored to their
thrones
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
B. Reactionary Alliances
1) Oppose change and try to undo change.
2) Restored balance of power
3) Emphasized conservative view to prevent
revolution
27
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
C. The Age of Metternich
1) Prince Metternich-a reactionary who believed
in absolute monarchy.
2) Used Secret police and Military suppression to
stop liberalism
a. Liberalism-Extended the ideas of the American and
French Revolution. Individual rights and rule of law
3) Metternich suppressed freedoms such as press
and speech
28
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON