Transcript The Middle Ages in Europe

Reforms in Church and
Peaceful Revolutions
Matt Harrington
Juliette Jamieson
Farming in the Middle Ages
• Farming dominated
peasants' lives
• Methods and
equipment started very
crude
• Land was owned by
lords
– Peasants allowed some
food from the land they
worked on
– Fuedal system
Revolutions in Agriculture
• The three-field system: A
method farmers used to
disperse the strain on the
land they would use to
plant crops, circulating
between several fields so
as not to deplete the
nutrients in any one field.
• New Method:
• Became Widespreadallowed for more food
production.
New Equipment
• Heavy Plow- Able to cut through the thick and wet soil of
Europe
• The Plow needed many oxen to move
• Because many peasants were poor, they combined oxen
New Equipment Contd.
• Plowhorse- New form of
power
• Cross breeding made strong
horses
• New Inventions allowed
horse usage to flourish
• Horse Shoe
• Horse Collar- Pulling from
the chest, not the neck
• Horses ate more- drawback
• Horses cost a lot but
increased production 30% on
farms
Revival of Trade
• Started
– with improvement in agriculture and
a greater supply of food
– The Crusaders creating a greater
demand for eastern goods; they
helped revive east-west trade
• Revival of trade and town life was
a sign of prosperity
• Growth of trade led to a revival of
cities and towns
• This led to a decline in the
manorial system of economics
• Manors no longer had to be selfsufficient
The Cistercians
• Cistercian: A monk or nun
of an order founded in 1098
as a stricter branch of the
Benedictines
• France
• Founded by Beneditine
Monk
– "Robert of Molesme"
Missionary Activities of the Church
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Helped fuse classical and Germanic
cultures
Ulfilas
– Spent forty years with the
Visigoths
– Translated most of the Bible
into Gothic
Germanic tribes (except for the
Franks and Anglo-Saxons) adopted
the Arian form of Christianity
Missionary named Patrick spread it
to Ireland
• Pope Gregory the Great sent a
Benedictine mission to England
and Roman Christianity spread
through England
Pope Gregory VII
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Pope Gregory was a very ambitious
advocate for church reform
He claimed unprecedented power
for the papacy
In 1075 he banned lay investiture
and would excommunicate anyone
taking part in it
Henry IV (German emperor) was
accused because he appointed his
choice for the archbishop of Milan
Henry declared that Gregory was a
“false monk” and Gregory
excommunicated him in retaliation
Henry went to Gregory in 1077 at
Canossa to ask for forgiveness
Cost Gregory the support of
German nobles
A church from the high middle ages
Pope Innocent III
• Innocent III was a lawyer and trained in canon law
• He was so successful in avowing his “temporal and spiritual
supremacy” that many states acknowledged vassalage to him.
• He excommunicated John of England when there was disagreement
over the archbishop of Canterbury, so that John had to become
Innocent’s vassal and pay him an annual monetary bribe to capitalate
him
• Innocent forced Philip Augustus (France)
to make his divorced wife queen again
• Innocent secured the election of his
ward in the throne of the Holy Roman
Empire
Innocent III
Monasticism
• Monasticism is the term used to
describe the “numerous
individuals who devote
themselves full-time to the quest
for salvation”
• The monks were usually the
literate members of society, so
they would transmit written
copies of the Bible and other
books
• Eremitic monasticism
– Religious recluses
• Cenobitic monasticism
– true monastic communities that have
sets of rules
• Dedicated to meditation and
prayer
Works Cited
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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright
©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin
Company. All rights reserved.
Butler, Chris. "FC63: The Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe - The Flow of
History." Welcome - The Flow of History. Flow Of History, 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/10/FC63>.
• High Middle Ages." OoCities - Geocities Archive / Geocities Mirror. Web. 30
Nov. 2011.
<http://www.oocities.org/pmmcdonough/high_middle_ages.htm>.
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"The Medieval Church." History Learning Site. Web. 23 Nov. 2011.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_church.htm.
"Medieval Farming." History Learning Site. Jan. 2001. Web. 23 Nov. 2011.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_farming1.htm.
"Middle Ages, Church In The Early Middle Ages." World History International: World
History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. http://historyworld.org/midchurch.htm.
"Middle Ages, Church In The High Middle Ages." World History International: World
History Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. <http://historyworld.org/midchurchhigh.htm>.
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Essays From Prehistory To The Present. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. <http://historyworld.org/monks_and_monasticism.htm>.