Transcript Ming & Qing China

1368-1644
Established by Emperor Hongwu
• Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule
• Centralized power and established direct rule by the
emperor
- Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce
a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty
-- Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce
government policies
• Reestablished Civil Service system based on
Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry
MING CHINA
continued
• China completed the Great
Wall in the Ming period
• Response to previous Mongol
invasions
• Successfully protected China
from outside invaders
• The only time that invaders
got beyond the wall and invaded
was when China was
experiencing internal problems
The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of Heaven, or Tian
Tan, built during the Ming dynasty in Beijing, China. The red
walls and gold detailing are typical of Ming architecture.
continued
• Increased commercial activity + population increase
led to economic expansion
• New food groups from the Americas (maize &
peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation
• Increased food
=
population increase
• Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus
• Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain
• The silk trade was its most profitable = China
protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries
• Demanded tribute from surrounding states
Columbian Exchange
• European conquest
of the new world
brought changes on
all sides
• Movement of goods
and ideas from each
side is called the
Columbian
Exchange.
continued
• Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade
expanded
• European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in
China’s 2 main port cities =
• Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power
Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, statesponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and
beyond
Enormous fleets
• huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men
• brought back unimaginable wealth to China
Admiral Zheng He
commanded the fleets
• Muslim from western
China
• Well suited to deal
with Muslims on
southeast Asian trade
routes
• resented by
Confucian bureaucrats
• Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the
Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast
• Established tributary relationships
• Technologically advanced fleets and armies could
face any adversary
•Traded porcelain and silk from China
• Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the
countries he visited included exotic African animals
that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo
• Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to
be a military, political, and economic power in the
Indian Ocean
• Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships
• Europeans were no match for Chinese ships
• China canceled the fleets in 1433
• The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He
• Feared Mongolian attacks from the north
• Used the money to strengthen defense and
agriculture
• The government destroyed his nautical charts
• Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair
• China’s withdrawal from world trade
unintentionally cleared the way for European
expansion and domination of world trade
• The revival of civil service exams encouraged the
creation of an extensive scholar-bureaucrat class,
responsible for governing the empire
• Restoration of Confucian traditions encouraged the
subordination of women
• women were more tightly controlled in many
ways
• widows were strongly discouraged from
remarrying
• foot binding was increasingly popular = even in
Literature
• Yongle Encyclopedia = a collection of Chinese
philosophy, literature, and history
• Chinese novels became more popular
• Increased literacy
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching,
Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Write the question and the correct
answer to the following questions on
a separate sheet of paper and turn it
in.
Be sure your name is on the paper.
This is a summative grade.
A
B
C
D
Which one of the artworks
above reflects the cultural
achievements of Tang China?
Which of the following best explains why the Chinese built
the Great Wall and the Grand Canal?
A The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were built to
discourage Chinese peasants from emigrating.
B The Great Wall was built to protect from invasions, while
the Grand Canal was meant to provide an alternative
transportation route between the north and south.
C The Great Wall and the Grand Canal were constructed to
restrict the exchange of goods with foreign merchants.
D The Great Wall was constructed to protect farming
villages from seasonal floods, while the Grand Canal was
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)
• Geography shaped
development
• Archipelago
• Mountainous
• Only 11% farmed
• Volcanic
• Frequent earthquakes
• Earliest settlers were nomads from
northeastern Asia
- Brought their own language,
culture, & religion
- Agricultural society modeled on
China
Continued
• 1st societies based on clans
• 2 classes
- rulers = Divine
- rice farmers, artisans,
servants
• Yamoto Prince Shotoku Taishi
• 573-621
• Unified Japan
• Created administrative districts
• Rural village = basic governmental unit
Continued
• Yamato ruler = “Heavenly Emperor”
• Controlled by Fujiwara Family
• Capital was at Nara
• Aristocratic families kept land taxes
• Weak government
Continued
• Capital moved to Heian, near Kyoto
• Fujiwara clan still controlled the Emperor
• Powerful families dominated rural areas
- relied on Military Force
- Samurai = “those who serve”
- Bushido = “the way of the warrior”
- owed their loyalty to their employer
- Declined because land became concentrated in the
hands of a small class of wealthy elites
• Includes the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
•Decentralized political power
• Regional warlords (daimyo) controlled the land
and the economy
• Valued military talent and discipline
• Samurai played important roles as mounted
warriors loyal to their lords and the bushido code
Continued
1192 - 1333
 Minamoto Yoritomo
 Ended civil wars
 Established capital near Tokyo
 Centralized government
 Military leader = Shogun
- General
- Controlled the Emperor
Europe
Japan
Code of Conduct Chivalry
Bushido
Warriors
Knights
Samurai;
Daimyo
Ruler
King
Emperor =
figurehead
Shogun = real
power
Read “Japan Faces Kublai Khan” on page 246 in Glencoe
Write the question and the answer on a sheet of paper
1. Who was Kublai Khan?
2. Why did he attack Japan?
3. What happened to the Mongolian fleet?
4. Why was this a turning point in Asian history?
5. Define kamikaze.
6. What is another definition of kamikaze?
Continued
 1274 - Kublai Khan sent
attack fleet; forced to retreat
 1281 – 2nd attack attempt
 4,440 ships, 150,000 Mongol
warriors
 “Divine Wind”
 Violent typhoon
 Destroyed the Mongol Fleet
 Japan not invaded again until
U.S. in 1945
Continued
• Mongolian attacks strained the Kamakura shogunate
• 1333 - Ashikaga family took over
• Aristocratic power grew in the 14th-15th centuries
• Daimyo = (“great names”) = heads of noble families
• 1467-1477: Onin Civil War destroyed Kyoto
Continued
• Agricultural society
• Manufacturing
developed in the
Kamakura Era
-Produced paper, iron
casting, porcelain
- Exports: swords,
paintings, raw materials
- Traded with Korea &
China
Continued
 Some equality at 1st
 Later, clearly
subordinate to males
 Active roles at all levels
of society
 Educated
 Poets = “The Tale of the
Genji” by Murasaki
Shikibu
Lady Tomoe Gozen
Continued
Zen Buddhism
- brought to Japan by Chinese monks
- part of the Samurais’ code of behavior
- seek enlightenment suddenly or through meditation
Shinto = Japanese state religion
- spirits = kami = in nature
- spirits of the ancestors
 Peninsula
 Influenced by China & Japan
 109 B.C.E. – China controlled north
3 Early Kingdoms
 Koguryo - north
 Paekche (pah EHK chee) -southwest
10th century =
Koryo Dynasty
arose in north
 Silla - southeast
13th century = harsh Mongolian rule inflicted tremendous
suffering on Korean people
 1392 – Yi Song-gye established Yi Dynasty
• 5th century - Gupta Empire destroyed by Hun invaders
• India plagued by civil war for centuries
• 8th century –Islam became popular in the northwest
• 10th century – Turkish slaves founded the Islamic state of
Ghazni (Afghanistan now)
• 997 – Mahmud of Ghazni extended his rule throughout the
Indus Valley to the Indian Ocean
• Rajputs, Hindu warriors, fought unsuccessfully against
Mahmud
• 1200 - Muslims controlled all of northern India
- created the Sultanate of Delhi
• 1369 Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)
crossed the Indus River
- Mongol leader from Samarkand
- 100,000 Hindi prisoners slaughtered
• By the 1380’s, empire stretched from
the eastern Caspian Sea to India
• Muslims treated India like
conquerors
• Hindi-Muslim bitterness
• Hinduism = main religion in India
• Buddhism
-Theravada = way of life centered
on salvation
-Mahayana = religion that makes
Buddha a divine figure
Khajuraho Hindu Temple
1644-1911
• Peasant revolts were shortlived
• Manchus from
northeastern China
(Manchuria) attacked
• Manchus were less than 5%
Chinese population
Created a new social system
• Chinese subjects had to wear
certain clothing
• Tie their hair into long braids
= queues
• Males had to shave their
foreheads: “lose your hair or
lose your head”
• Form of subjugation
• Forbade intermarriage between
Manchus & Chinese
• Illegal for Chinese to learn the
Manchurian language
• Gunpowder empire = an empire who uses
firearms to conquer territories and maintain
control; mastery of naval and land-based siege
cannons were particularly effective
• Qing used cannons effectively against the
Mongols
• Marked the end of any serious nomadic threat
on the inner Asian frontiers
• Strong Military leaders
• Ruled under the Mandate of
Heaven
• Empire stretched from
Manchuria to the island of
Formosa (Taiwan)
• Controlled Mongolia, Tibet,
Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and much
of Central Asia
• Negotiated an acceptable
boundary with Russia
2 important emperors
• Kangxi (1661-1722)
-1 of the greatest Chinese
monarchs
- skilled general
- patronized the arts &
education
- Confucian scholar & poet
2 important emperors
• Qianlong (1735-1795)
- Last intelligent, dynamic, Qing
emperor
- Strengthened China’s borders
- Fostered economic growth
- So prosperous, he canceled taxes for
awhile because the government didn’t
need them
- promoted education & culture
- Cao Xuequin’s Dream of the Red
Chamber was a tragedy about 2 young
lovers caught up in a wealthy &
powerful clan’s decline
• Full-scale trade with Europeans
• Qing maintained a regulation of foreign trade
• Limited trade to only 1 city = Guangzhou
(Canton)
• Important Chinese exports = tea, silk, &
porcelain
• Few imports were allowed = highly favorable
balance of trade
Read “Mission to China” on page 484 in Glencoe
“ You, O King, are so inclined toward our civilization
that you have sent a special envoy across the seas…to
present your native products as an expression of your
thoughtfulness…As a matter of fact, the virtue and
prestige of the Celestial Dynasty having spread far
and wide, the kings of the myriad nations come by
land and sea with all sorts of precious things.
Consequently, there is nothing we lack, as your
principal envoy and others have themselves observed.
We have never set much store on strange or ingenious
objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s
manufactures.”
Emperor Qianlong, 1793
1. How did Emperor Qianlong react
to King George III’s letter?
2. How did the English respond to the
Emperor’s statement?
3. What were the implications of
China’s “closed country” policy?
• Limited foreign cultural & economic contact
• Tried to prevent Chinese desire of foreign imports
• Suspicious of outside influences
• Banned Christianity in 1724
• Believed China was superior = center of the world
• They called themselves “The Middle Kingdom”
• Viewed Europeans as barbarians
• Like the Ming era, the population grew faster than the
economy
• 1799, the Chinese population was 300 million; 400 million
by the end of the 1800’s
• Poverty rose
• Chinese were slipping technologically, scientifically, and as a
global power
• 1800’s, China weakened internally
• Deluded by its own grandeur & past accomplishments, Qing
leadership did little to modernize China
• Europeans forced many economic privileges & concessions
out of China
• Qianlong was the last great Chinese emperor
• Incompetent rulers followed
• Government was riddled with corruption
• Border defense became too costly
• Several peasant revolts broke out
• 1796-1804 = White Lotus Rebellion took
years to suppress
• China was still too strong to conquer
• Still enjoyed an enormous advantage in its balance
of trade
• Europeans demanded silk, tea, porcelain & paid in
silver
• Europeans could only trade in a small number of
ports
• Limited European imports
• Europeans paid in silver bullion
• Europeans had stronger navies, better
weapons, and more effective armies
• 1700’s, the Chinese were using opium on a
small scale
• 1820’s, the British East India Company began
flooding China with opium grown in
northeastern India
• Opium became very popular in China
• The British East India Company made
enormous profits
• Reversed the balance of trade shifted in
Britain’s favor
• Silver bullion flowed out of China rapidly
• France, Portugal, & the U.S. sold opium to
China also
• Britain controlled 80% of the opium trade
• The Qing govt made opium illegal
• Opium addiction decreased economic
productivity
• Millions of workers & farmers were too
incapacitated to work
• Govt arrested dealers, seized opium
supplies, & intercepted drug boats
“The foreigners have brought us a disease which
will dry up our bones, a worm that gnaws at our
hearts, a ruin to our families and persons. It
means the destruction of the soul of our nation.”
Qing government official
Barron’s AP World History, p 274)
• 1839, the Chinese navy blockaded Guangzhou (Canton)
• Sparked the 1st Opium War between Britain & China
• The British won
• Treaty of Nanking
- China paid for the cost of the war & the destroyed opium
- Chinese opened 5 ports to foreign trade
- lowered tariffs on British goods
- granted Britain extraterritorial rights to areas in China where the
British worked & lived = British law was supreme in these areas
- Hong Kong was given to Britain
• More conflicts
• Future treaties legalized the
opium trade, opened more
ports to foreign trade, &
granted greater powers to
the Europeans, Americans, &
Russians
• Several extraterritorial
territories were established
along the Chinese coast
Spheres of influence
• area of economic influence/control
• established in China in the 19th Century
• allowed foreigners to take advantage of a
weakened China & to seize control of their
tributary states (example, France took Vietnam in
1885)
• eventually Western powers gained exclusive
trading rights in China
• Chinese nationalism increased in response to
Western influence
• Serious internal problems erupted
in the late Qing dynasty
• 1850-1864, The Taiping Rebellion =
the most costliest and the most
devastating civil war in world
history
What was the
deadliest war?
WWII
• 20-30 million dead
• 2nd deadliest war in world history
• Increased unrest & Chinese
nationalism
• Hong Xiuquan, a Cantonese clerk started the uprising--he failed the
civil service exam
• Hong Xiuquan believed that he was destined to create a taiping =
“heavenly kingdom of supreme peace”
• Appealed to 1000s of ordinary Chinese people
• Protested the high taxes, absolute Qing rule, and “foreign” Manchu rule
• New vision of China
- Redistribution of land
- public education
- women’s rights
• An American mercenary, Frederick Townsend Ward, and a British general,
Charles “Chinese” Gordon helped crush the rebellion
• The Taiping Rebellion left China in ruins
• The Qing lost several tribute states (Tibet, the
Gobi Desert, Chinese Turkestan)
• Between 1878-1904, the dowager (wealthy &
powerful widow) Empress Cixi ruled through her
nephew
 Opposed to modernization
 Oppressive rule
 Opposed all reform – arrested her nephew &
executed leaders of the 100 Days’ Reform and
• 1895 Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War
• U.S. Open Door Policy
- All Western nations gained = access to Chinese markets
- Increased foreign control in China
• 1800’s-1900’s: Foreign missionary activity in creased
- Catholic & Protestant missionaries spread Christianity,
Western languages and culture
- Interfered and eroded Chinese culture
- Brought scientific & technological knowledge
- Treated diseases & injuries with modern medicines
- Helped eliminate footbinding
• In 1900, China suffered a
major drought
• High urban unemployment
& crop failures
• Caused widespread anger
with foreign influence
• Boxer Rebellion = a revolt
led by many rebel leaders who
were “boxers” or martial arts
experts
• Rebels attacked foreign
residents and embassies
• Combined foreign army
crushed the rebellion and
burned several Chinese
temples
• Westerners forced the
Qing to pay a heavy
financial penalty
• 1905, Empress Cixi
created a commission to
decide if they should write
a constitution
• Local assemblies were
formed
• Planned to elect national
assemblies in 1910
• Reform efforts were too late
• Chinese youths opposed Manchu
rule
• Sun-Yat Sen = “Father of
Modern China”
• Formed the Revolutionary
Alliance; 3 ideas called the
“People’s Principles”
 Nationalism = oppose Manchu
rule
 Democracy
 People’s Livelihood
• 1911, the Qing Dynasty collapsed
• 1912, Sun Yat-sen was elected president of the Chinese
Republic
• His party was called the Nationalist Party = Kuomintang
• 1st time in Chinese history = A Chinese politician elected by
the people ruled China, not by foreign conquest or dynastic
rule
• The republic was short-lived
• Sun Yat-sen was forced to step down in 1912
• 1912-1948, China was in chaos
• 1949 = Communist government established
Dynasty Song
(Sung to the tune of Fr’er Jacques)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han (Shang, Jo, Chin Han)
Shang, Zhou, Qin Han
Sui, Tang, Song (Swe, Tong, Soong)
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic (You-an, Ming, Ching, Republic)
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-dong)
Deng Xiaoping (Deng Shao-ping)