Transcript Periodization and Themes - Ms. Merino`s Advanced Placement

A.P. WORLD HISTORY
THEMES
S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.
SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Economic, Social Classes
Gender Roles, Relations
Inequalities
Family, Kinship
Racial, Ethnic Constructs
CULTURE
Cultural
Intellectual
Arts, Architecture
Lifestyles
Literatures
RELIGION
Religion
World Views
Philosophy
Secularism, Atheism
Ideologies and “isms”
INTERACTIONS
War, Conflict
Trade, Commerce
Exchanges, Migrations
Diplomacy, Alliances
Transnational Organizations
POLITICS
Nations, nationalism
Empires
Forms of Government
Revolts, Revolutions
State-building, expansion
TECHNOLOGY
Industry
Science, Invention, Innovation
Power
Transportation
Communication
ECONOMICS
Industrialization
Economic Systems
Capitalism, Socialism
Business Organizations
Labor, Labor Organizations
DEMOGRAPHY
Demography, Disease
Human, Environment Interaction
Patterns of Settlement
Geography, Region
Agriculture, Pastoralism
Why Themes?
 Big world—a lot of history. Themes help us make
sense of it all.
 Provides an organizing framework.
 i.e., Ms. Merino studied Intellectual History.
 “Themes”are big ideas
 helps organize knowledge
 helps to see continuity/change
 helps to compare & contrast
SOCIAL:
Gender, Labor, Social hierarchy
HIERARCHIES
INEQUALITIES,
ELITES
Social History
 Social history studies the way that people are grouped together,
what their roles in society are, and how these groups relate to each
other. For example:
 Compare and contrast ender roles in Etruscan Italy vs. Imperial
Rome. What are the similarities? Differences?
Etruscan (Italy) 600 BCE
Imperial Rome (Italy) 60 CE
Social History
 Another example:
 Discuss the continuities and changes in the Chinese
family (size, roles, relationships) between the early
20th century and today. What has changed? What has
stayed the same? Why?
Social History
 Your turn!
 Race and ethnicity: What
questions might an historian
ask?
 So in your own words, what
is social history?
Mexican Family – 1763
Spanish husband, Native American wife
CULTURAL
Arts, architecture, and the intellect
Cultural History
 Cultural History includes the study of the arts, architecture,
literature, drama, poetry, fashion, music, cultural trends and
movements, etc.
 Example: Analyze the changes and continuities in the European
painting tradition from the Early Middle Age through the Late
Renaissance. What has stayed the same? What has changed? Why?
Unknown artist, c. 800 CE
Titian, Salome, 16th Century
Cultural History
 Your turn:
Architecture: The
Hagia Sofia, Istanbul,
Turkey.
 What questions might
an historian ask?
 In your own words,
what is cultural
history?
Built by Byzantine (Christian) empire: 537 C.E.
Conquered by Ottoman (Islamic) empire: 1453 C.E.
RELIGIOUS AND
PHILOSOPHICAL
How does
each society
view, explain
the world?
Religious & Intellectual
(Philosophical):
Religious and spiritual traditions,
philosophical movements and ideas.
 Religious history studies religious movements, traditions, and
beliefs, and how they have developed, changed, and interacted over
time.
 Intellectual history is the history of ideas, be they philosophical,
scientific, etc.
 What are the unique & similar beliefs, ideas, & ways of living
between peoples?
Religious/ Intellectual History
 Example: Analyze the similarities and differences
between the Hellenistic religion of ancient Greece,
and European Christianity. Similarities? Differences?
The ancient Greek pantheon.
Christianity
Religious/ Intellectual History
 Another example: Discuss the continuities and
changes in the way that Europeans understood the
universe (and their place in it) from Ptolemy to
Copernicus. How has it changed? How is it the same?
Ptolomaic,
160 BCE
Copernican
1543 CE
Religious/ Intellectual History
 Your turn: Statue of the
Buddha in China. What
questions might an historian
ask?
 Buddhism developed in India
in the 5th century BCE.
 This carving is located in China
(the “Leshan Giant Buddha”),
and was carved in the 7th
century BCE.
 In your own words, what is
religious/intellectual history?
INTERACTIONS
War, Diplomacy, Exchanges
Interactions
 When we study the interactions between peoples, we
look at things like wars, trade and commerce,
diplomacy, migrations… really anything that puts
people in contact with each other.
 In this class, a big focus is on looking at how cultures
have interacted with each other across time, and the
resultant conflicts, diffusions, and changes.
 Although not a specific, separate theme, it is
important to include “interactions” in our study and
understanding of history (many of the questions
posed above have focused on these “interactions.).
POLITICS:
FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURES OF STATES;
REVOLUTIONS
Political History
 Political history looks at the various political structures,
hierarchies, and ideologies that have existed across time.
 How does a people define power? Where does political power
come from?
 What political structure best supports those ideas? Who wields
power and how?
 What political ideas unite and/or divide people?
 What are the causes and effects of competition for power?
Political History
 Example: Compare and contrast the nature of power
in ancient Egypt and modern-day United States.
Similarities? Differences?
Egyptian Pharaoh
American President
Political History
 Another example: Analyze the continuities and changes in the size
and structure of the Mongol Empire between 1206 and 1279. What
stayed the same? What changed? Why?
Political History
 Your turn: Revolt and
Revolution.
 What questions might
an historian ask?
 In your own words,
what is political
history?
Liberty Leading the People
Eugene Delacroix, 1830
TECHNOLOGY
History of Technology
 When we look at the history of technology, we look
not only at technological inventions and
improvements, but we study and analyze the impact
that they have on their respective societies and
cultures.
 Remember, technology includes everything from the
simple wheel and the earliest flint tools, to your
iphones, particle accelerators, and the International
Space Station.
History of Technology
 Example: Analyze the
continuities and
changes in agricultural
production of sugar
between the 19th
century and today.
What’s stayed the
same? What has
changed?
Sugar harvest, 1800’s
Sugar harvest, today.
History of Technology
 Your turn: the Industrial
Revolution.
 What questions might an
historian ask?
 In your own words, what
is the history of
technology?
Photograph of women working in
a textile mill in England, early 1800s.
ECONOMICS
Trade, Commerce, and
Economic Systems
Economic History
 Economic history includes the study of wealth, how it
is produced and exchanged, and the systems that are
put in place to control and support it.
 Economic history includes trade and commerce,
which are an incredibly significant component to this
class, as it is the primary reason that people have
come into contact with each other.
Economic History
 Your turn: Trade.
 What questions might an historian ask?
 In your own words, what is economic history?
The Silk Roads, major trade route extending over 4,000 miles.
Began during the Han dynasty in the 1st century BCE, ultimately disintegrating
By 1453.
DEMOGRAPHY, DISEASE &
ENVIRONMENT
URBANIZATION, MIGRATION, ECOCIDE
Demographic History
 Within this theme, we look closely at demography,
disease, and the interaction of humans and their
environment.
 Demographics is the study of population, in terms of
size, make up, and movement.
 This includes the study of migrations, including the
push and pull factors that influence who moves
where and why.
Demographic History
 Your turn:
Population.
 What questions
might an
historian ask?
 In your own
words, define
demographic
history.
A.P. WORLD HISTORY:
PERIODIZATION
WHAT IS PERIODIZATION?
 Each period is defined by specific conditions
 A geographical delineation that answers where
 When civilization contracts, shrinks geographically
 When civilization spreads from smaller to wider area
 Contacts and Interactions
 Increase, decrease in contacts across regions
 Parallel Developments
 Whether indigenous or diffused,
 Shared characteristics
 Dates
 Time is not best way to define a period
 Characteristics and chronology
 Period may occur
 At different time
 In different regions
PRE-HISTORY
Foundations, I
 Two Sub-Periods of the Stone Age
 Paleolithic
 Nomadic, hunting and gathering
 Small bands led by those with specialized hunting knowledge
 Neolithic
 Sedentary, farming and herding
 Semi-Nomadic: Slash/Burn (Shifting) and Pastoralism
 Villages with tribal structures, families; chiefs
 Geographic Component
 It occurred at different times in different places
 Chronological Component
 Paleolithic from 1 million to 8000 BCE
 Neolithic from 6000 BCE to 4500 BCE
 Technology
 Stone, bone and wood gave way to handicrafts, artifacts
Foundations, II
 Geography: River Valleys
 From 4,500 BCE to 600 BCE
 Begins with agricultural surpluses
 Leads to towns, cities, changes to hierarchy
 Generally small city-states, hereditary rulers
 Elite classes especially warriors, priests
 Rise of Institutions
 Long lasting social patterns
 Religion and Government
 Time of Technological Innovation
 Two Alternate Names
 Hearth Civilizations, Ancient River Valley Civilizations
 Bronze Age Civilizations
 Ends with rise of large, regional empires
Classical Period
600 BCE – 600 CE
Iron Age
Large, regional empires
Military aristocracies
Integrate regions
Cosmopolitan Traditions
 Religions, Philosophies
Regional Civilizations
 China, India, SW Asia (Cuneiform), Mediterranean
 Mesoamerica and Andean America
Strong contacts between regional centers
Many areas outside classical civilizations
Ends with massive nomadic invasions
Post-Classical Period
6th century CE to 1450 CE
Began with rise of Islam
 First trans-regional civilization
 Spans Eurasia and Africa
Era of two great powers: Islam, China
Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death
Characteristics
Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies
 Buddhism, Islam, Christianity
Saw rise of new civilization centers
 Andes, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, SE Asia, Japan
Emergence of network of global contacts
Ages of Faith, Aristocracy,
Age of Increasing Inequalities especially Gender
Early Modern Era
 1450 – 1750 CE
 Rise of gunpowder empires
 An Age of Absolutism
 Rise of Western Europe
 Religious Strife
 World Shrinks
 All continents included in world network
 Global trade develops for first time
 Great exchanges
 Goods, products, flora, fauna, people, germs
 Ideas especially European, Christianity
 Demographic Shifts in Americas, Eurasia
Modern Era
 1750 to 1914: “The West and the Rest”
 Era of massive technological change
 Era of many revolutions
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Technological
Political
Social
Intellectual, Artistic
 Vast trade networks
 Western Global Hegemony
 Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
 USA, Japan are newest powers
 Dominance of Western Culture
 Resistance
 Modernization, Industrialization, Westernization?
 Demographic shift; urbanization
Contemporary Era
 1914 to Present “Change, Change, Change”
 1914 – 1945: Europe’s Twilight
 1945 – Present: Atomic Age
 The American Century, Retreat of Europe
 Rise of Pacific Rim, India
 Collapse of European empires
 Jihad vs. McWorld
 Modernization vs. westernization
 Modernization vs. traditionalism
 Secularism vs. change
 Rise of new political forms
 Non-State Governmental Organizations
 Supranationalism; Internationalism
 Mass culture
 Technology, telecommunications dominate age
 Demography and Environment as Major Concerns
WHAP Periodization
 Period 1, Foundations
 Technological and Environmental Transformations
 To c. 600 BCE
 Key Concepts:
 Big Geography & Peopling of the Earth
 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural
Societies
 The Development and Interactions of Early
Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
WHAP Periodization
 Period 2
 Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies
 c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE
 Key Concepts:
 Development and Codification of Religious and
Cultural Traditions
 Development of States and Empires
 Emergence of Transregional Networks of
Communication and Exchange
WHAP Periodization
 Period 3
 Regional and Transregional Interactions
 c. 600 – 1450
 Key Concepts:
 Expansion and Intensification of Communication
and Exchange Networks
 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and their
Interactions
 Globalizing Networks of Communication and
Exchange
WHAP Periodization
 Period 4
 Global Interactions
 C. 1450 – 1750
 Key Concepts:
 Globalizing Networks of Communication and
Exchange
 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of
Production
 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
WHAP Periodization
 Period 5
 Industrialization and Global Integration
 c. 1750 – 1900
 Key Concepts:
 Industrialization and Global Capitalism
 Imperialism and Nation State Formation
 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
 Global Migration
WHAP Periodization
 Period 6
 Accelerating Global Change and Realignments
 c. 1900 to the Present
 Key Concepts:
 Science and the Environment
 Global Conflicts and their Consequences
 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy,
Society, and Culture