Transcript 3. Complex religions

PRE AP- WORLD
HISTORY
CHAPTER 1
CHAP 1-1
geography is the study of people, their
environments, and the resources
available to them
by showing how people lived during
various times,
geographers have added to our
knowledge of human history, many
time drawing
conclusions from limited evidence-it is
not an exact science
Five themes sum up the
impact of geography on
human history; they are:
1) location-can be determined by
longitude and latitude, the exact
location, or by the relative locationwhere something is in relation to
another
2) place-can describe places in terms
of their physical features and human
characteristics (ex.: landforms,
bodies of water, languages)
3) human-environment
interaction-shows how people
have shaped, and been shaped by,
the places in which they live
4) movement-spread of people,
goods and ideas; causes cultural
diffusion
5) region-divides the world into
many areas; can be based on
physical characteristics or political,
economic, or cultural features
PREHISTORY-the time before people
invented systems of writing
prehistoric people had no cities,
countries, organized central govt., or
complex inventions
anthropology-the study of the origins
and development of people and their
societies; began about 200 year ago
archaeology-a specialized branch of
anthropology that studies people and
cultures through artifacts
historians study how people lived in the
past, usually relying on written
evidence
HISTORY began about 5000 years ago
when people began keeping written
records
a historian must evaluate the evidence
to determine its reliability, often
interpreting the evidence which can
lead to disagreements
PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY
CH 1-2 NOTES
PALEOLITHIC-refers to the Old Stone Age,
the earliest period of human history-dates
from about 2 million BC to about 10,000 BC
early hominids were discovered in 1959 by
Mary and Louis Leakey in Tanzania (Homo
hobilis was the first to make stone tools)
in 1974 Donald Johanson found the oldest,
most complete skeleton of a 3.5 millionyear-old fossil he named "Lucy"
this evidence suggests that the earliest
people Lived in East Africa
they were hunter-gatherers who lived in
bands of around 20 or 30 people and lead a
nomadic way of life following their food
source
they made simple tolls and weapons our of
stones, bones, and wood
they developed a spoken language, believed
in a spiritual world and life after death
NEOLITHIC-refers to the New Stone
Age which began about 11,000 years
ago (9000 BC)
people settled down, started
permanent villages, and invented new
tools and specialized skills
during this agricultural revolution
people domesticated animals and
became food producers which led
population growth and more interaction
among human communities
civilizations will emerge from these
communities
PRE-AP WORLD HISTORY CH
1 -3 NOTES
EIGHT FEATURES OF
CIVILIZATIONS
► Cities
► Organized
Governments
► Complex Religions
► Job Specialization
► Social Classes
► Arts and Architecture
► Public Works
► Writing
1. Cities-the birthplace of the first
civilizations; the center of trade,
probably began as religious centers
There are four main ancient civilizations
that began in river valleys:
1. Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the
Middle East
2. Nile River in Egypt
3. Indus River in present-day
Pakistan
4. Yellow River (Huang He) in China
2. Organized governments-leaders
emerged to maintain order among
people and establish laws; priests
held power first then were replaced
by warrior-kings who's right to rule
came from the gods; bureaucracies
will emerge as govt. becomes more
complex
3. Complex religions-polytheistic
communities worshipped many gods
and goddesses; had complex rituals
and built temples and sacrificed
animals to ensure divine help
4. Job specialization-people didn't
need to master all the skills needed
to live, others could do it for them;
metalworking was the most
important; trade and bartering will
develop
5. Social classes-ranked according to
your job; priests and nobles were at
the top, followed by wealthy
merchants, artisans, peasant
farmers, and slaves
6. Art and architecture-expressed
the beliefs and values of the people
who created them; temples and
palaces dominated the city
reassuring people of the strength
and power of their govt. and religion
7. Public works-ordered by the
rulers, included irrigation systems,
roads, bridges, and waits; meant to
benefit the city
8. Writing-began in temples where
priests needed to record daily
activities; earliest was pictograms; in
time, symbols were added
as rulers gained power, they conquered
territories beyond their city wall
this expansion led to the rise of the
city-state
rival leaders often conquered many
cities and villages, creating the first
empires
cultural diffusion occurred