Transcript Impact of World War I - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

AP World History
Unit 6
 Total War.
 Industrial
weapons of mass-killing.
 Extreme Nationalism.
 Civilians targeted.
 Genocide.
• Turks slaughter Armenians.
 Communist
 Terrorism.
Revolutions.
 10
million soldiers were killed.
• Over 20 million are wounded.
 Several
million civilians died as a result
of the hostilities, famine, and disease.
 The world was left with hatred,
intolerance, and extreme nationalism.
 Women’s Liberation movements
strengthened
 Isolationism encouraged
Began in the trenches of the Western Front and then
spread when soldiers returned home.
 The greatest public health disaster of modern history.

• Pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people worldwide.
 Twice as many people then had died during the actual war.
• In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the population
(8 million).
 Giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza.
• British colonial troops carried it to India where it killed 12
million.
• No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural disaster in world
history had killed so many people in such a short time.
 Turks
attempt to exterminate all
Armenian people.
1.5 million Armenians were killed.
 Total
cost of the war was over $350 billion.
• How was this paid for?!?
 Heavy taxes = causes lower standard of living for the
people of Europe.
 International
trade suffers.
• Nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports.
 In
Russia, the Communists seize power
and introduce a new economic system.
 Economic collapses bring on the Great
Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.
United States emerges as a world power because of
the assumption of international responsibilities.
 3 major European dynasties are taken out of power.

1.
2.
3.

Romanovs in Russia
Hohenzollerns in Germany
Hapsburgs in Austria-Hungary
New states are created in central Europe.
• Some containing several different nationalities.
 especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The League of Nations is created to solve international
problems and maintain world peace.
• Will be a failure.

Many nations turn to military dictatorships to control
their political problems.
• Primarily in Russia, Italy, and Germany.
 Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
• Reduction of weapons.
• People’s right to choose their own government.
• Organization of world nations to protect against
aggression.
 Allied Goals.
• The four major countries all had different ideas for a
peace treaty.
• France and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany.
 However, Great Britain did not want to weaken Germany.
 Italian leaders hoped to gain land.
• Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the
other leaders.
 Germany
must accept responsibility and
forced to pay large amounts of money.
 Weakened Germany.
•
•
•
•
Military size limited.
Returned conquered land to France.
Formation of Poland.
Global colonies given up to the Allies.
 Germany’s Reaction.
• Outraged, but forced to sign the treaty.
• Economy was destroyed.
• Bitterness would affect politics for the next several
years.

League of Nations.
•
•
•
•
•
Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson.
Established by the Treaty of Versailles.
Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep peace.
Germany was excluded.
United States did not join.
 Ultimately weakened the League of Nations.

Changes in Europe.
• Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were broken up.
• Independent nations were created.
 Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey.

Other treaties signed with the defeated Central
Powers.
 Many
colonists who fought in the war heard
the words of the Allies leaders about the
importance of freedom and democracy.
 After fighting for colonial rulers they
expected rights for themselves.
 Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms.
 European powers split up lands controlled by
Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans.
• Redistributed them to other colonial powers.
 Former
Ottoman lands turned into
“mandates”.
• Territories ruled by European Powers, mainly
France and Great Britain.
 Syria and Lebanon became mandates of France.
 Palestine and Iraq became mandates of Great Britain.
 Created the Transjordan from the Palestine Mandate.
 European
nations were suppose to control
mandates until they were able to govern
themselves.
• Mandates eventually became colonies.
 Movement
began in1860.
 The spiritual and political renewal of the
Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of
Palestine.
 Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.
 1st Zionist Conference in 1897.
• Creates the First Zionist Congress.
• Becomes an international Jewish organization.
 Arab
nationalist movements had been
supported by the British in 1916.
• Arabs wanted to create an independent state the
stretched from Syria to Yemen.
 Zionist
movement for a Jewish state was
supported by the British government.
 British did not fulfill nationalist’s hopes.
• Arabs and Jewish believed that war time
promises were broken.
 British
created Jordan in1921.
• Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate.
 Palestine’s
population rapidly expanded.
• Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs immigrated.
• Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to
mid-1930s conflict.
• Conflict in region continues today.
 We will be covering this in more detail later in Unit 5.
 Reza
Khan led overthrow of shah in1921.
 Khan became shah in1925
• Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi.
• Wanted to make Persia into a modern and
independent nation.
• Sought to advance industry and improve
education.
• Changed Persia’s name to Iran in 1935.
Foreign Office
November 2nd, 1917
Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s
Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.
“His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly
understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights
and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge
of the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely,
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
British Foreign Secretary
In 1917, China declared war on Germany.
Hoped Allied Powers would return Germancontrolled Chinese territories
 Treaty of Versailles gave Germany’s Chinese
territories to Japan
 May 4, 1919, a group of angry students began
strikes and protests.



Communist Party is formed in 1921.
• Partner with Guomindang’s (Kuomintang) nationalist
movement against the warlords controlling China.
We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss
the Chinese Communist Revolution.
800,000 Indians served with the British in WWI.
 Fought on Western Front and in the Middle East.
 Returned home to find sacrifices had not won
them any new freedoms.
 Britain planned to keep firm control over India.
 Anger and unrest grew.
 Rowlatt Act

• Allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in India
• British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian
demonstrators in Amritsar in April of 1919.
• Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid
themselves of British rulers
Believed in non-violence and civil disobedience.
 The first non-violent action was boycotting
British products in 1920.

• Stopped wearing British made clothes.
 Indians began making their own cloths.

Protested against the British monopoly on salt in
1930.
• Indians began producing their own salt.
Inspired millions to resist British rule.
 Limited degree of self-rule granted in 1935.

We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss
India’s Independence Movement.

Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in
European armies during war.
• Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war.

Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling
in Africa.
• Africans believed they earned independence through
wartime sacrifices.

War caused economic hardship.
• Trade with Europe dried up and European spending in
Africa slowed.

No Africans involved in negotiations of the Treaty
of Versailles
• Did not grant independence.
 Transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries.
 Pan-African Congresses.
• Several conferences beginning in 1919 to demand
independence.
 Northern African Arabs.
• Wanted independence from the British in Egypt.
• Several protests in Egypt.
 Many Egyptians were killed by the British.
• Egypt was granted independence in February 1922.
 Nationalism movements growing.
• Egyptian independence did not start a trend.
 However, the desire for reform and independence was
growing.
• Most of Africa remained under European control until
the 1920s and 1930s.