Transcript Lesson 3-The Brain Lecture unit1Lesson3TheBrainNEWx

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1. A drug binds to receptors in the hippocampus. We might expect which of the
following symptoms in a user of this drug? Indicate ALL that are correct based ONLY on
this information.
Exhaustion
Forgetfulness
Irritability
Nausea
Relief from pain
Hallucination
2. What did Phineas Gage tell us about brain organization? Area specific to personality
3. Adenosine is a brain chemical that makes feel sleepy and which inhibits the reticular
pathway. Based on this, which is true about how caffeine works.
Caffeine is an adenosine agonist that stimulates the reticular pathway
Caffeine is an adenosine agonist that inhibits the reticular pathway
Caffeine binds outside the reticular pathway and stimulates adenosine release
Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist that inhibits the reticular pathway
Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist that stimulates the reticular pathway
4.Where is gray matter relative to white matter?
Gray matter is found in the cerebellum while white matter is found in the cerebrum
Gray matter is found in the cerebrum while white matter is found in the cerebellum
Gray matter is found on the outside of both cerebrum and cerebellum, white matter is on
the inside
White and gray matter are sprinkled about randomly in the brain
Gray matter is in the spinal cord and white matter only in the brain
Activity 1: Study brain
damage
PET – Positron
Emission Tomography
http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/pictures/brn002c.jpg
MRI – magnetic
resonance imaging
health.ucsd.edu/news/ 2001/02_09_fMRI.html
PET scan
images
Which lobe of the
brain is responsible
for the following
tasks?
Check diagrams and
reading notes.
Time to finish after
introductory lecture.
Outside
Inside
Gray matter
White matter
Artist – Louis Georges
Outside = cortex (rind)
http://dinsdale.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu
cerebrum
thalamus
Corpus
callosum
hypothalamus
Brain stem
cerebellum
What is the difference between
your right and left brain
hemispheres?
RIGHT HAND
LEFT HAND
Differences in Prefrontal
cortex
hemisphere
function Speech center
Prefrontal
cortex
C
O
R
P
U
S
C
A
L
L
O
S
U
M
Writing
Auditory cortex
(right ear)
General interpretive
center (language and
mathematical calculation)
Visual cortex
(right visual field)
Anterior commissure
Analysis by touch
Auditory cortex
(left ear)
Spatial visualization
and analysis
Visual cortex
(left visual field)
LEFT
RIGHT
© 2013 Pearson Education,
Inc.
HEMISPHERE
HEMISPHERE
Figure 8-20 Hemispheric Lateralization
Figure 14.9b
The Brain
stem: What
is it’s
general
function?
Thalamus
Diencephalon
Thalamic nuclei
Midbrain
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal
cord
Lateral view
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-23 The Limbic System- What is it’s
function?
Cingulate gyrus
Corpus callosum
Fornix
Thalamic nuclei
Hypothalamic
nuclei
Mamillary body
Olfactory tract
Amygdaloid body
Hippocampus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Relay center for ALL
sensory informationEXCEPT smell
 Acts as filter, “weeds out”
unnecessary info
 Sends info all over
cerebral cortex
Figure 14.11a, b
• Thermostat of internal
environment
• Produces some
hormones
• Regulates “drives” (thirst,
hunger, sex)
• Coordinates voluntary
and autonomic functions
Figure 14.12a
• 3 layers-dura,
arachnoid
and pia mater
• Protect the
brain
• Location of
cerebrospinal
fluid (drugs
must get into
here to affect
brain)
Go to 3-D brain
Figure 14.4a, b
 Read through introduction
 PART 1: Human Brain Demonstration (today)
 Don’t FORGET HOMEWORK-Brain Dissection Pre-
lab
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_brain_midsag
ittal_cut_.JPG
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_brain_arachnoi
d.JPG
 Questions?
 You may use YOUR pre-lab and lab
notes ONLY
 You must do your own work
 We are omitting the drawing part of
the assignment
1.
2.
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5.
Memory loss and changes
in mood
Memory loss and distorted
perceptions
Changes in mood and
euphoria
Euphoria and sleepiness
Sleepiness and distorted
perceptions
1. Visual cortex
2. Sympathetic
nervous system
3. Cerebellum
4. Hippocampus
5. Hypothalamus
 Unless being used for the LESSON!
Activity 5- Describe/diagram the Learning
pathway
Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 – December 2, 2008)
Hippocampus
Sensory
associations
stored
Memories
utilized
senses
 Every day, she would need to be reintroduced to her
doctor and he would shake her hand as if meeting her
for the first time.
 One day, he hid a pin in his hand. Shocked, the patient
withdrew from the handshake!
 The next day, when the doctor introduced himself, she
refused to shake his hand.
 WHY?
I see the
sunrise
senses
I hear
music
Sensory homunculus of
left cerebral hemisphere
KEY
Axon of firstorder neuron
Second-order
neuron
Third-order
neuron
Nuclei in
thalamus
MIDBRAIN
Nucleus in
medulla
oblongata
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
SPINAL CORD
Dorsal root
ganglion
Fine-touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception sensations from right side of body
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Cross two of your fingers so that you can put some
thin object between them. For instance, if you
cross your index and middle fingers, the object
will be touching the thumb-side of the index
finger and the ring-finger side of the middle
finger. Close your eyes so you can focus on this
experiment. How many objects do you think you
detect? Explain this in terms of the
somatosensory cortex.
1 = hypothalamus talks to cerebral cortex
Audesirk Figure 33.2
2 = Hippocampus and amygdala direct
conversation
Adenosine
Reticular formation
Reticular activating
system/ACh and GABA
The area that “sleepy” sickness damaged
Figure 14.10a, b
Phineas Gage
2. Patient H.M.
3. Von Economo
1.
“G-spot”
“mesolimbic area”
Dopamine released here –
pleasure center
Ventral tegmental area
Makes dopamine
http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching2/largegifs/slide11.gif
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5.
Nicotine turns off VTA neurons that turn on
dopamine release
Nicotine turns on VTA neurons that turn on
dopamine release
Nicotine turns on NA neurons that stimulate
dopamine release in the frontal cortex
Nicotine turns off NA neurons which inhibits
dopamine release in the frontal cortex
Nicotine promotes prefrontal cortex function,
bypassing the reward pathway.
Their dopamine receptors are very sensitive to
dopamine
2. Their dopamine gets metabolized abnormally
slowly
3. Their dopamine receptors poorly bind to
dopamine
4. They make an excess amount of dopamine
1.
To perk them up, by activating the RAS
2. To activate the somatic pathway, so they “feel” at
home
3. To stimulate feelings of good, comforting memories
of being in the kitchen baking cookies
4. To activate the reward pathway, because they will get
a cookie later
1.