Transcript Review questions: Week 1 Nonet * cell biology Nonet * axon

Review questions: Week 1
Nonet – cell biology
Nonet – axon transport
Monk – Glia
• In the future I will try to include
notes/outlines of key points. A couple of these
lectures are so broad that that would be
difficult. Hopefully these questions give you a
better idea of what you are actually expected
to know.
Practice questions
• I apologize in advance for any typos or poorly
worded questions.
• I will post answers to these later and change
any mistakes we find.
• The resting membrane potential of neurons is _________
(positive/negative) relative to the extracellular space.
• The intracellular potassium (K+) concentration is
______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration
at rest
• The intracellular sodium (Na+) concentration is
______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration
at rest
• The intracellular chloride (Cl-) concentration is
______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration
at rest
• The intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration is
______(higher/lower) than the extracellular concentration
at rest
• During the rising phase of the action potential ________
(Sodium/Potassium) enters the cell _________
(hyperpolarizing/depolarizing) the cell. During the falling
phase of the action potential, ________ (Sodium/Potassium)
exits the cell, _________ (hyperpolarizing/depolarizing) the
cell.
rising
falling
• What are the 3 major components of neural
tissue (cell types and stuff)
• Nervous systems can be organized into 3 basic
components (according to Nonet). What are
they?
• What is the major excitatory transmitter of
the CNS?
• What is the major inhibitory transmitter of the
CNS?
• What is another common inhibitory
transmitter?
• What is the primary neurotransmitter at
mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs)?
What do these words mean?
•
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•
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Glutamatergic
GABAergic
Cholinergic
Adrenergic
Dopaminergic
etc
• GABAergic neurons are typically
– Motor neurons
– Sensory neurons
– Interneurons
– Projection neurons
• What are the 4 criteria for a something to be
classified as a neurotransmitter?
• Why was it difficult to demonstrate that
glutamate is a neurotransmitter?
• Metabotropic receptors are
_______(faster/slower) acting than ionotropic
receptors
• Why?
• Neuromodulators typically activate ________
(ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors
• ________ (nicotinic/muscarinic) acetylcholine
receptors are ________
(ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors activated
to cause muscle contraction
• ________ (nicotinic/muscarinic) acetylcholine
receptors are ________
(ionotropic/metabotropic) receptors found on
heart muscle that lead to the slowing of the
heart rate through a cAMP mediated signaling
cascade
• What are the 4 principles of the neuron
doctrine
• Name three types of cell-cell signaling
• What does Dr. Nonet mean when he says that
gap junctions can be “rectified”?
You should be able to label this
Is this a CNS or a PNS neuron? How
can you tell?
• Give a broad overview of evoked transmitter
release in just a few steps, starting with an
action potential in the presynaptic neuron
• Compare and contrast typical CNS and NMJ
synapses?
• Why might you want each that way?
Give an example and explain why for
each one you choose
• Name the three major components of the
cytoskeleton in neurons
• Neurofilaments are _______ (microfilaments/
intermediate filaments/microtubules) and a
major determinant of axon caliber
• Microfilaments are composed of
– Spectrin
– Tubulin
– Spastin
– Actin
– Katanin
Choose 1 or more
• Microtubules are composed of
– Spectrin
– Tubulin
– Spastin
– Actin
– Katanin
Choose 1 or more
• Which cytoskeletal component forms the
structure of the axon initial segment as well as
growth cones during development
– Microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments
– Microtubules
• Kinesins carry cargo along
– Microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments
– Microtubules
Choose 1 or more
• Dyneins carry cargo along
– Microfilaments
– Intermediate filaments
– Microtubules
Choose 1 or more
• Are there more types of Kinesins or Dyneins?
• The ______ (+/-) end of microtubules grows
more quickly than the ______ (+/-) end
• Which of the following transport cargo along
microtubules
– Dynamin
– Myosin
– Kinesin
– Actin
– Dynein
Choose 1 or more
• Kinesins travel towards the _____(+/-) end of
microtubules, while dyneins travel towards
the _______(+/-) end.
• Motors are usually auto-inhibited by
interactions between their tail and motor
domains. What removes this inhibition?
• T/F The plus end of microtubules always
points down the axon, while the minus end
always points down the dendrites
• Curare, a toxin found in poison frogs, causes
death by asphyxiation due to paralysis of the
diaphragm (and other muscles). It is an
antagonist of which type of receptor
– Glutamate receptor (GluR)
– Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (mAChR)
– Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
– GABA receptor (GABAR)
• To terminate transmission, glutamate and
acetylcholine are cleared from the synapse by
two different mechanisms. How is each
removed from the synapse?
• Which of the following types of receptors are
activated by glutamate?
– Kainate receptors
– AMPA receptors
– NMDA receptors
– GABAa receptors
– GABAc receptors
Choose 1 or more
• Channels opened by the binding of GABA to
GABA receptors are primarily permeable to
– Potassium
– Chloride
– Sodium
– Calcium
– Cation non-selective
• Channels opened by the binding of Glutamate
to Glutamate receptors are typically primarily
permeable to
– Potassium
– Chloride
– Sodium
– Calcium
– Cation non-selective
• Channels opened by the binding of
Acetylcholine to Acetylcholine receptors are
typically primarily permeable to
– Potassium
– Chloride
– Sodium
– Calcium
– Cation non-selective
Monk
• What is the defining characteristic of a neuron
and what are all neural cells that lack this
property called?
• Which of the following are found in the CNS
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
Choose 1 or more
• Which of the following regulate neurovascular interactions?
– Schwann cells
– Astrocytes
– Microglia
– Oligodendrocytes
Choose 1 or more
• Which of the following myelinate CNS axons?
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
Choose 1 or more
• Which of the following myelinate peripheral
axons?
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
Choose 1 or more
• Which of the following are phagocytic
immune cells?
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
Choose 1 or more
• Which of the following promote synapse
formation and/or maturation in the CNS?
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
• What is one way in which your selection or
each of your selections does this?
• What are two ways to increase action
potential conduction velocity?
• Why does myelination increase conduction
velocity?
• Why does increasing axon diameter increase
conduction velocity?
• If the Monk lab was looking for a genetically
tractable model organism to study
myelination that was easier to work with than
mice, why did they choose fish and not flies or
something?
• Which of the following does not arise from the
ectoderm during development
– Oligodendrocytes
– Astrocytes
– Schwann Cells
– Microglia
Choose 1 or more
• Astrocytes communicate with each other via…
• Name three functions of astrocytes
• Astrocytes
– Regulate extracellular K+
– Remove excess glutamate
– Regulate extracellular Na+
– Supply neurons with glutamate
– Supply neurons with glutamine
– Control local blood flow
– Transport glucose to neurons
– Transport oxygen to neurons
Choose 1 or more
• What are the 3 components of the tripartite
synapse?
• What are at least two benefits of myelination?
• Describe the experiment that showed it was
the inner lip of Schwann cells that moved
around the axon and not the outer lip
• T/F A single Schwann cell can myelinate
multiple axons while an oligodendrocyte can
only myelinate one.
• T/F Peripheral axons are more capable of
regenerating following injury than CNS axons
• T/F Myelin promotes axon regeneration
following injury