Transcript Ch 6 - Body and behavior

CH 6 - BODY AND
BEHAVIOR
C. TRUELOVE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central Nervous System (CNS) – brain and spinal
cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – smaller branches
of nerves that reach the other parts of the body
• An injury to the spinal cord could result in paralysis
NEURONS
• Neuron – the long, thin cells of nerve tissue along
which messages travel to and from the brain
• All or none – If stimulated more than the minimum
amount required, a neuron will fire at full strength. If
not, it will not fire at all.
• Three parts: cell body, dendrites, and the axon
NEURONS
• Cell body – contains the nucleus and produces
energy needed to fuel the neuron
• Dendrites receive impulses from other neurons and
send them to the cell body.
• Axon – long fiber that carries impulses away from
the cell body toward the dendrites of the next
neuron
• Myelin Sheath – insulates and protects the axon;
speeds the transmission of impulses
• Axon terminals – branch out from the axon and
positioned opposite the dendrite of another neuron
NEURON
NEURON CONNECTION
• synapse – space between the axon terminal of one
neuron and the dendrites of another neuron
• Axon terminal releases neurotransmitters across the
synapse. The neurotransmitters either excite or
inhibit the transmission to the next neuron.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuclwAOJFh8
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY
• Somatic nervous system (SNS) – part of the peripheral
nervous system that controls voluntary activities (raising
your hand, turning your head, etc)
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – part of the peripheral
nervous system that controls involuntary activities (ex.
heartbeat, lung functioning, digestion, etc)
• Sympathetic – part of autonomic nervous system that
prepares the body to deal with emergencies or
strenuous activity (speeds up the heart and reroutes
blood to needed muscles, increases blood pressure and
stops digestion)
• Parasympathetic – conserves energy and helps body to
recover from strenuous activity
THE BRAIN
• Three parts: hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
• Hindbrain – involved in the most basic processes of
life. Includes the cerebellum, medulla, and pons.
• Cerebellum – helps control posture, balance and
voluntary movements.
• Medulla – controls breathing, heart rate, and a
variety of reflexes
• Pons – functions as a bridge between the spinal
cord and the brain. Also produces chemicals the
body needs to sleep
THE BRAIN
• Midbrain – small part of the brain above the pons
that integrates sensory information and relays it
upward.
• Forebrain – covers the brain’s central core, includes
the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
(hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and
hippocampus).
• Cerebral cortex and cerebrum is responsible for
your higher thinking processes. Gives you the ability
to learn and store complex and abstract
information. Site of your conscious thinking
processes.
THE BRAIN
• Thalamus – relay station for all the information that
travels to and from the cortex
• Hypothalamus – controls functions such as hunger,
thirst, sexual behavior, and the body’s reaction to
change in temperature (sweat and shiver)
• Amygdala – controls violent emotions like rage and
fear
• Hippocampus – important in forming memories
ABDULLA OBLONGATA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfC4u5GCy3I
LOBES OF THE BRAIN
• The brain is in two hemispheres
• Corpus collosum – connects the two hemispheres
• Occipital lobe – where the visual signals are
processed (what you see is processed here)
• Parietal lobe – concerned with senses from all over
the body
• Temporal lobe is concerned with hearing, memory,
emotion and speaking
• Frontal lobe is concerned with organization,
planning and creative thinking
• All four lobes are present in both hemispheres
LEFT/RIGHT HEMISPHERES
LEFT/RIGHT HEMISPHERES
• Left hemisphere controls movements on right side of
body and the right hemisphere controls movements
on left side of body.
• In most people…
• Left hemisphere: verbal (speaking, understanding
language, reading, writing), mathematical (adding,
subtracting, multiplying, calculus, physics), analytic
(analyzing separate pieces that make up a whole)
• Right hemisphere: nonverbal (understanding simple
sentences and words), spatial (solving spatial
problems such as geometry), holistic (combining
parts that make up a whole)
SPLIT BRAIN
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zx53Zj7EKQE
STUDYING THE BRAIN
• Electroencephalograph (EEG) – recording the
electrical activity of the brain
• Computerized axial tomography (CAT) – moving
ring passes X-rays through the head. Computers
read the amount of radiation absorbed and
transform the information into a 3D model
• Positron emission tomography (PET) – slightly
radioactive solution injected in the blood and
shows the activity going on in the brain
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – studies the
activity and structure of the brain with nonharmful
radio frequencies
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• The endocrine system and the nervous system are
two communication systems for sending information
to and from the brain.
• Endocrine system sends chemical messages, called
hormones, released directly into the blood stream
• Pituitary Gland – acts as the master gland; directed
by the hypothalamus
• Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxine. Too little
makes people feel lazy and lethargic; too much
may cause people to lose weight, sleep, and
become overactive
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Adrenal glands – are activated when people are angry
or frightened; releases adrenaline into the bloodstream
to give a person extra energy that he or she needs to
handle a difficult situation
• Sex glands – testes in males produce testosterone. Low
levels are found in females. Ovaries in females produce
estrogen and progesterone. Low levels are found in
males.
• Testosterone prenatally determines the gender, and in
adolescence, is important in the growth of muscle and
bone
• Estrogen and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle
HORMONES VS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• Both work to affect the nervous system
• When a chemical is used as a neurotransmitter:
released beside the cell it needs to excite.
• When a chemical is used as a hormone: released in
the bloodstream
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
• Nature vs Nurture – Is behavior the result of genes or
environment?
• Twin Studies help psychologists understand nature
vs nurture
• Identical twins – develop from a single fertilized egg
(exact same genes)
• Fraternal twins – develop from two fertilized eggs
(no more similar than any other two siblings)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd5Y3-F79LY