Transcript PPT

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Introduction
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Course Objectives
This course gives an introduction to basic neural
network architectures and learning rules.
Emphasis is placed on the mathematical analysis
of these networks, on methods of training them
and on their application to practical engineering
problems in such areas as pattern recognition,
signal processing and control systems.
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What Will Not Be Covered
• Review of all architectures and learning rules
• Implementation
– VLSI
– Optical
– Parallel Computers
• Biology
• Psychology
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Historical Sketch
• Pre-1940: von Hemholtz, Mach, Pavlov, etc.
– General theories of learning, vision, conditioning
– No specific mathematical models of neuron operation
• 1940s: Hebb, McCulloch and Pitts
– Mechanism for learning in biological neurons
– Neural-like networks can compute any arithmetic function
• 1950s: Rosenblatt, Widrow and Hoff
– First practical networks and learning rules
• 1960s: Minsky and Papert
– Demonstrated limitations of existing neural networks, new learning
algorithms are not forthcoming, some research suspended
• 1970s: Amari, Anderson, Fukushima, Grossberg, Kohonen
– Progress continues, although at a slower pace
• 1980s: Grossberg, Hopfield, Kohonen, Rumelhart, etc.
– Important new developments cause a resurgence in the field
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What is artificial neural networks?
Is there really a definition for it?
Do we need a definition?
Different people may define it differently, we will leave this to the
reader, students, to define it as their initial understanding of the
subject is. We later go back to it and see if can define it based on
what we have learned in the course.
This is one of the most common definition for NN:
A NN is a network of many simple processors (“units”), each
possibly having a small amount of local memory. The units are
connected by communication channels (“connections”) which
usually carry numeric (as opposed to symbolic) data, encoded by
any of various means. Each unit operates on its local data and on
the inputs that its receives via the connections.
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Applications
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• Aerospace
– High performance aircraft autopilots, flight path simulations, aircraft
control systems, autopilot enhancements, aircraft component simulations,
aircraft component fault detectors
• Automotive
– Automobile automatic guidance systems, warranty activity analyzers
• Banking
– Check and other document readers, credit application evaluators
• Defense
– Weapon steering, target tracking, object discrimination, facial recognition,
new kinds of sensors, sonar, radar and image signal processing including
data compression, feature extraction and noise suppression, signal/image
identification
• Electronics
– Code sequence prediction, integrated circuit chip layout, process control,
chip failure analysis, machine vision, voice synthesis, nonlinear modeling
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Applications
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• Financial
– Real estate appraisal, loan advisor, mortgage screening, corporate bond
rating, credit line use analysis, portfolio trading program, corporate
financial analysis, currency price prediction
• Manufacturing
– Manufacturing process control, product design and analysis, process and
machine diagnosis, real-time particle identification, visual quality
inspection systems, beer testing, welding quality analysis, paper quality
prediction, computer chip quality analysis, analysis of grinding operations,
chemical product design analysis, machine maintenance analysis, project
bidding, planning and management, dynamic modeling of chemical
process systems
• Medical
– Breast cancer cell analysis, EEG and ECG analysis, prosthesis design,
optimization of transplant times, hospital expense reduction, hospital
quality improvement, emergency room test advisement
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Applications
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• Robotics
– Trajectory control, forklift robot, manipulator controllers, vision systems
• Speech
– Speech recognition, speech compression, vowel classification, text to
speech synthesis
• Securities
– Market analysis, automatic bond rating, stock trading advisory systems
• Telecommunications
– Image and data compression, automated information services, real-time
translation of spoken language, customer payment processing systems
• Transportation
– Truck brake diagnosis systems, vehicle scheduling, routing systems
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Neural Network Models
Neural networks have been used to model the human vision
system.
Neural networks learn by experience, generalize from previous
experiences to new ones, and can make decisions.
The human nervous system consists of cells called neurons. There
are hundreds of billions of neurons, each connected to hundreds or
thousands of other neurons.
Each neuron receives, processes, and transmits electro-chemical
signals over the neural pathways that make up the brain’s
communication system.
Neural network models consist of a large number of neurons or
simple processing units, also referred to as neurodes.
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Neural Network Models
An artificial neuron mimics the characteristics of the
biological neuron.
A set of inputs are applied, each representing an output of
another neuron.
Each input is multiplied by a corresponding weight,
analogous to synaptic strengths. The weighted inputs are
summed to determine the activation level of the neuron.
The connection strengths or the weights represent the
knowledge in the system.
Information processing takes place through the interaction
among these units.
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Biology
• Neurons respond slowly
– 10-3 s compared to 10-9 s for electrical circuits
• The brain uses massively parallel computation
– 1011 neurons in the brain
– 104 connections per neuron
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Neuron Representations
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Dendrites
Cell
body
Axon
Synapse
(interconnection)
x1
x2

Out=F(net+  )
F
x3

Biological Neuron Representation
Artificial Neuron Representation
Synapse are elementary signal processing devices.
It is a biochemical device that converts a pre-synaptic
electrical signal into a chemical signal and then back into a
post-synaptic electric signal.
The input pulse train has its amplitude modified by
parameters stored in the synapse. Depending on the type of
the synapse the nature of this modification varies. It can be
inhibitory or excitatory.
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Neuron Representations
Biological neurons are the basic building blocks of
the brain. The neurons operate in milliseconds
which is about 6 times slower than silicon logic
gates.
Brain is very energy efficient. It consumes only
about 10-16 Joules operation/sec. A digital computer
takes 10-6 J/opr-sec.
The postsynaptic signals are aggregated and
transferred to the nerve cell body via dendrites.
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Neuron Representations
The cell body generates the output neuronal signal, that will
be in the form of spikes and will be transferred to the
synaptic terminals of other neurons via axon.
The synaptic parameters (weights) controls the frequency of
firing of a neuron based on the total synaptic activities.
The pyramidal cell can receive 104 synaptic inputs and can
fan-out the output signal to thousands of target cells.
About 1 million synapses are formed per second at the early
stage of human brain developments (age 0-2).
Synapses are then modified through the learning process.
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