The Neural Basis Of Memory
Download
Report
Transcript The Neural Basis Of Memory
Memories
are stored throughout
our brains, and linked together
through neural pathways.
Different
brain areas are involved
in different memory types and
stages.
Eric
Kandel – Austrian Psychiatrist
Identified
changes in the
structure & function of neurons in
the brain when learning (a new
memory) occurs.
Worked
with large seaweed eating
slugs called Aplysia californica.
It
has a relatively simple nervous system –
only 20,000 neurons, compared to trillions
in humans.
The
neurons can be seen by the naked
eye, so can be observed, stimulated or
removed .
Kandel
used a thin electrode to
stimulate the siphon (like a
tail). This caused the siphon to
contract.
Read
the second column on Pgs
335 of your text and summarise
Kandel’s experiment.
Kandel observed that, after learning, the
slugs neurons functioned differently
More
neurotransmitter produced &
released
More
dendrites developed and made
more connections with other neurons
Synaptic
connections form –
neurotransmitter passes more easily
next time this pathway is used
These
changes are collectively
called: LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
With
Short-Term memory storage, there is
only an increase in the release of the
neurotransmitter
With Long-Term memory storage, all the 3
changes mentioned on the previous slide
occur.
Each time the memory is recalled, the
communication links in the memory circuit
are strengthened.
Difficult to generalise to humans, but similar
changes have been found in fish, chicks and
mammals.
Thalamus
Amygdala
The
hippocampus is just above each ear and
4cm straight into the brain, 3.5 cm long.
Shaped like a sea-horse??, wrapped around the
thalamus, extending into the temporal lobes.
The
hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe
are involved in the formation of new long-term
memories (not storage)
The
-
-
Hippocampus is specifically involved in:
Deciding if the info received by the sense is
worth remembering
Mapping & organising memories before sending
them to other parts of the brain for storage –
maybe several sections at once.
Seems to provide a cross referencing system for
memories – draws all the different aspects of a
memory from parts of the brain.
Important
in recalling spatial relationships in the
world around us. (Damage results in disorientation
& impaired ability to navigate in familiar
surroundings).
Helps process sense of smell
Left hippocampus – verbal memory Eg word lists &
digit span
Right hippocampus – spatial & visual memory Eg
facial recognition, visual directions
Mainly
involved in declarative memories (about
facts or events) – not procedural (how to do things)
Case
Study – HM (Henry Molaison)
-
Severe epileptic – medial temporal lobes
removed to try to stop seizures
-
Most areas of functioning unaffected – except
memory
-
He couldn't remember things he experienced
after surgery; couldn’t form new memories
of personal events or general knowledge
-
ST memory worked as long as he didn’t get
distracted