Transcript Auditory (Cochlear) System

Auditory (Cochlear) System
II. How Sound is Transduced into Electrical Events
 Auditory apparatus composed of : external, middle and internal ear.
 Tympanic membrane vibrates on receiving sound waves.
 Ossicles of middle ear transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane to
foot plate of stapes which is attached to oval window.
 Movement of stapes causes pressure in the perilymph of scala
vestibuli and displacement of basilar membrane to which the Organ
of Corti (containing the hair cells) is attached.
 Movement of basilar membrane causes the hairs of hair cells to
sheer back and forth in the tectorial membrane.
 Sheering movements of the hairs generates a depolarizing
(receptor) potential in the hair cells and transmitter to be released
onto the peripheral terminals of cochlear nerve fibers (cell bodies in
the spiral ganglion).
 Summation of synaptic potentials generates an action potential in
the cochlear nerve fiber
III. Major Nuclear centers and Pathways
1st Order Neuron
 Cell body localized in the spiral ganglion of the cochlear
modiolus.
 Peripheral process receives input from the hair cells (hair
cell is presynaptic to terminals of process).
 Central processes of ganglion cells form the cochlear
nerve (part of VIII cranial nerve) which enters the
brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle.
 Root fibers of the cochlear nerve terminate on 2nd order
neurons in the cochlear nuclei (dorsal and ventral)
located at the level of the rostral medulla.
III. Centers and Pathways (Cont.)
2nd Order Neuron
 Cell body localized in the dorsal and ventral cochlear
nuclei. All the fibers of the cochlear nerve terminate in
the cochlear nuclei.
 Axons cross the midline in the dorsal, intermediate and
ventral (trapezoid body) acustic striae and join the
ascending auditory pathway (aka lateral lemniscus).
 Some axons of the trapezoid body end bilaterally in the
superior olivary nuclear complex and nuclei of the
trapezoid body (both these centers contain 3rd order
neurons).
 Unilateral lesions in the auditory nerve or cochlear nuclei
(both dorsal and ventral) cause complete deafness of the
ipsilateral ear.
III. Centers and Pathways (Cont.)
3rd Order Neuron and lateral lemniscus
 Cell bodies in the sup olivary nu complex or nu of
trapezoid body.
 Axons ascend ipsi- and contralaterally and join the
ascending auditory pathway (lateral lemniscus).
 Because each lateral lemniscus (LL) above the medulla
has crossed and uncrossed fibers (inputs from both
ears), unilateral lesions of the LL will result in bilateral
hearing deficits that are more pronounced on the ear
contralateral to the lesion.
 All the fibers of the LL terminate in the inferior colliculus
(part of the tectum at caudal midbrain levels).
III. Centers and Pathways (Cont.)
4th and Higher Order Neurons
 Neurons in the inferior colliculus communicate with each other by
way of the commissure of the inf colliculus.
 Axons of inf colliculus neurons ascend in the brachium of the inf
colliculus to the ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleus, part of the
thalamus. All the axons originating in the inf colliculus terminate in
the med geniculate nucleus.
 Cells in the med geniculate send their axons by way of the auditory
radiation to the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl in the temporal
lobe.
 Ant transverse gyrus is the primary auditory area (Brodman’s area
41).
 Post transverse gyrus is the auditory association area (area 42).
 Unilateral lesions in the inf colliculus, med geniculate nucleus,
auditory radiation or gyri of Heschl cause bilateral hearing loses that
are more prominent on the ear opposite the lesion
IV. Clinical Correlation
 Conduction deafness related to passage of sound waves through
external or middle ears.
 Perception deafness attributed to pathology of hair cells, cochlear
nerve.
 Central deafness is due to lesions of the auditory pathway in the
CNS.
 Presbycusis is the gradual hearing loss with aging.
 Auditory Evoked Pontials (AEP) are used to pinpoint where lesion
along the auditory pathway might occur. Peak I is generated by
cochlear nerve, Peak II occurs at or near cochlear nuclei, Peak III is
generated at the level of the lower pons in the region of sup olivary
complex and trapezoid body, Peak IV and V occur at level of upper
pons or lower midbrain which correspond to the location of lateral
lemniscus and inferior colliculus.