Transcript Associative learning

《科学方法论》课程报告
201100230031 2011级齐鲁医学班 李鸣浩
蜘蛛的活动与织工的活动相似，蜜蜂建筑蜂
房的本领使人间的许多建筑师惭愧，但是，
最蹩脚的建筑师从一开始就比最灵巧的蜜蜂
高明的地方，是他在用蜂蜡建筑蜂房以前，
已经在自己的头脑中把它建成了。
——马克思《资本论》
By: Randolf Menzel
From:Nature Review 2012 Nov. Vol.13
Honeybee？
• 截至目前，世界上现生存的蜜蜂种类有9 种。
•
(1)黑小蜜蜂Apis andreniformis Smith
•
(2)小蜜蜂Apis florea Fabricius
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(3)黑大蜜蜂Apis laboriosa Smith
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(4)大蜜蜂Apis dorsata Fabricius
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(5)沙巴蜂Apis koschevnikovi Buttel-Reepen
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(6)绿努蜂Apis nulunsis Tingek. Koeniger
and Koeniger
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(7)苏拉威西蜂Apis nigrocincta Smith
•
(8)东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius
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(9)西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.
Main points
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Honeybee’s brain
Model for neuroethological research
Learning and memory
In search of the engram
Collective cognition in the social context
Conclusins
The digital three-dimensional
standard atlas of the bee brain
provides a useful reference for
identifying and classifying
neurons, as well as for
determining their contribution to
neural networks.
黄色：visual ganglia视觉神经
节
绿色： antennal lobes触角叶
红色：mushroom bodies蕈体
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Neuroanatomy： This refers to the complexity and accessibility of the nervous system of each
animal species. If a connectome of the network as documented in virtual three-dimensional brain
atlases is available, this will be reflected in a higher (that is, stronger) rating.
Biochemistry：This refers to the availability of data on intracellular signalling cascades
underlying synaptic plasticity.
Molecular biology：The criteria used here are based on methods that allow manipulation of the
signalling pathways that are involved in neural substrates of learning memory.
Electrophysiology：The accessibility of neurons to enable intracellular recordings and individual
identification involved in processes of neural plasticity underlying learning and memory is taken
as a criterion here.
Optophysiology： This refers to the possibility of tracing behavioural components underlying
temporal and spatial patterns of neural activity by functional imaging of identified neural circuits
under experimental conditions in which such behavioural components are performed.
Modelling of cellular pathways：This refers to the potential of modeling cellular pathways for
quantifying and predicting the working of functional neural circuits.
Non-associative learning：The criterion here is the availability of laboratory tests of nonassociative plasticity (such as habituation,sensitization and their neural correlates of synaptic
depression and facilitation) that provide tools of relating cellular and neuralnetwork properties to
elemental components of behavioural plasticity.
Associative learning：This refers to the availability of laboratory tests of classical conditioning
that offer the potential to trace essential components of associative learning to neural processes.
The repertoire and the robustness of these behavioural paradigms under laboratory conditions
are used as an important component in selecting the respective species for model studies.
Operant learning： The availability of operant forms of learning (another form of associative
learning) under laboratory conditions is used as a criterion here.
Natural learning：This refers to the richness of learning under natural conditions (for example,
latent learning, observational learning, learning in the social context, learning during exploration
and play) of the respective animal species. The availability of such studies and the potential to
transfer essential components into the laboratory has been taken as an additional criterion for
estimating the usefulness of the respective species as a model system.
Modelling at the systems level：This refers to the analysis of neural processes across levels of
integration, which requires both bottom-up and top-down approaches. The coordination of these
approaches is used as an additional argument that provides the potential of modelling lower level
processes in such a way that higher level functions may be predicted.
Non-associative learning：
such as habituation、
sensitization and their
neural correlates of
synaptic depression and
facilitation
Classical conditioning：
经典条件反射
Operant conditioning：
操作式条件反射
CS 条件刺激
US 非条件刺激
人类的学习与记忆
• 西班牙科学家圣地亚哥· 拉蒙· 卡哈尔
(Santiago ramóny cajal)是1906 年诺贝尔
生理学或医学奖得主，早在第一次世界大
战的十几年前，他便绘制出了昆虫的神经
解剖图，并将昆虫大脑形象地比喻成一只
精致的怀表，而将哺乳动物大脑比作一个
空心的老式座钟。说起来让我们有点汗颜，
很难想象蜜蜂的大脑仅有毫克重，却可与
哺乳动物一样执行某些任务，比如为同伴
带路、建造家园。蜜蜂的能力可能受到神
经元数量的限制，但它们却可将神经系统
的功能发挥到极致。
the ventral unpaired neuron 1 of the
maxillary neuromere (VUMmx1)
octopaminergic neuron:章鱼胺能神经元
Reward:奖励刺激，阳性强化刺激
Learning and memory
Observational learning 观察学习 is learning that occurs as a function of
observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others.
Working memory
Neural and cellular correlates of
learning and memory
• Neurons identified on the basis of
structure (morphology or molecular
markers) and well-characterized neural
circuits should allow localization of these
changes and therefore help to uncover
their spatial and temporal pattern of
learning-related neural changes.
Proboscis extension
response：吻延伸反应
• In the proboscis extension response
paradigm, responses of harnessed bees to
olfactory stimuli are measured, and four
stages of memory formation following the
acquisition process (besides a sensory
memory in the seconds range) have been
distinguished: short-term memory, middleterm memory and two types of long-term
memory.
• middle-term memory：PKM
• Long-term memory：PKA
• early long-term memory ：translationdependent (1–2 days after conditioning)
• late long-term memory：translationdependent and transcriptiondependent(>3 days after conditioning)
锌指核酸技术 ZFN
In search of the engram
Contemporary neuroscience
considers the engram to be stored in
the lasting changes in synaptic
strength at specific locations within
the neural circuits that are involved in
all aspects of perception, integration,
mental processing and motor control.
Kenyon cells （凯尼恩细胞）：In
arthropods‘ nervous system,
Kenyon cells are mushroom body
neurons derived from globuli cells.
Some species possess hundreds
of thousands of Kenyon cells. The
cells are subdivided into subtypes;
for example, those that have their
cell bodies outside of the calyx
cup are called clawed Kenyon
cells.Kenyon cells were first
described by F. C. Kenyon in
1896.
Collective cognition in the social context
• foraging bees：外勤蜂 queen：蜂后
• nurse bee ： 乳母蜂
1、The individual bee and the
community.
Allocation of tasks to the individual worker is an emergent
property that arises from：
• genetic dispositions
• highly plastic age-dependent
developmental programs, epigenetic
regulation
• pheromone-dependent processes and
learning
2、The waggle dance and navigation
• Taken together, the complexity of dance
communication and the richness of
information transfer proves that even a tiny
brain like that of the bee allows for
cognitive processes, including extraction
of spatial relations, comparison of the
values of represented goals and decision
making on representations.
Conclusions
Ideally, a model species should possess :
• rich sensory,
• motor and cognitive faculties,
• easily accessible neurons and neural
circuits for long-lasting recordings under
close-to natural conditions,
• a cellular composition that allows for
effective molecular and genetic
manipulations
Somatic transfection:体细
胞基因转染——将目的基
因导入靶细胞
multiphoton microscopy:多
光子显微术——可以对厚
的生物样品实现光学断层
成像