Transcript Presentation

Part ONE
AP Psychology
ASAP Science: 7 Myths About the Brain
You Thought Were True
Nervous System
Central nervous
system
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Somatic Nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous system
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
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Somatic nervous system
◦ Nerves to voluntary muscles and sensory receptors
◦ Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
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Autonomic nervous system
◦ Sympathetic division – mobilizes body resources
 Internal organs and glands
 arousing
◦ Parasympathetic division- conserves bodily
resources
 calming
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Arousing
Dilates pupil
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits digestion
Stimulates glucose released by
liver
◦ Stimulates secretion of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
by adrenal gland
◦ Relaxes bladder
◦ FIGHT or FLIGHT
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Calming
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Contracts pupil
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates digestion
Stimulated gallbladder
Contracts bladder
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Fight or Flight Response
ASAP Science: The Science of Goosebumps
and Music Chills
ASAP Science: Why Do We Get Nervous?
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With your group, write a
short story describing a
person in a state of
distress.
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Your story should include
descriptions of the effects
of the AUTONOMIC nervous
system on this person
(BOTH sympathetic AND
parasympathetic)
(Fight or Flight AND Rest &
Digest Responses)
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Highlight key phrases
Make it interesting,
creative, and exciting!
No, it does not have to be
totally realistic.
I will read them aloud!
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Automatic inborn response to sensory
stimulus
◦ Sensory neurons excited by a stimulus pass a
message to interneuron in the spinal cord
◦ The interneuron activates a motor neuron causing a
muscle reaction
◦ EX - Finger to a flame – finger moves away before
pain registers in the brain
Individual cells in the nervous system that
receive, integrate, & transmit information
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Soma – Cell Body
Dendrites – Branching structures that receive
signals from other cells
Axon – Fiber that carries signals away from
soma to other cells
Myelin sheath – Insulating material that
encases some axons
Terminal buttons – Small knobs at the end of
axons that release neurotransmitter at
synapses
Neuron video clip
Add Sensory, Motor, and
Interneurons to your notes!
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Resting Potential – Neuron’s stable, negative
charge when inactive
Action Potential – Voltage spike that travels
along axon
Absolute refractory period – brief time after
action potential before another action
potential can begin
All-or-none law – A neuron fires or doesn’t
fire
Action Potential Video Clip
Chemicals that transmit info from one neuron
to another.
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Acetylcholine –
◦ Released by neurons that control skeletal muscles
◦ Enables muscle action, learning and memory
◦ Alzheimer’s disease, Ach- producing neurons
deteriorate
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Dopamine –
◦ Influences movement, learning, attention, and
emotion
◦ Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to
schizophrenia
◦ Starved of dopamine – tremors and decreased
mobility , Parkinson’s disease
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Serotonin
◦ Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
◦ Low levels linked to depression and obsessivecompulsive disorder
◦ Prozac and other antidepressant drugs raise
serotonin levels
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Norepinephrine
◦ Helps control alertness and arousal
◦ Undersupply levels linked to depression
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GABA –gamma-aminobutyric acid
◦ A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
◦ Under supply linked to seizures, tremors and
insomnia
◦ Contributes to the regulation of anxiety
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Glutamate
◦ Major excitatory neurotransmitter
◦ Involved in memory
◦ Oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing
migraines or seizures (monosodium glutamate in
food)
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Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters in
synaptic vesicles
Release of neurotransmitters into synaptic
cleft
Binding of neurotransitters at receptor sites
lead to excitatory and inhibitory
Inactivation or removal – drifting away of
neurotransmitters
Reuptake or neurotransmitters by
presynaptic neuron
Video Clip: How neurotransmission occurs
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Neurotransmitters carry messages from a
sending neuron across a synapse to receptor
sites on a receiving neuron
Agonists molecules excite – mimic
neurotransmitters
◦ morphine mimics the action of endorphins
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Antagonists molecules inhibit – blocks its
action
◦ Similar to occupy its receptor site and block its
action
◦ Butnot similar enough to stimulate the receptor
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Create a “family” made up of the
following members (give each one a
name):
Acetylcholine, dopamine twins,
serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate,
& GABA
Draw each family member and
describe their personality
◦ They should clearly represent the functions
of that neurotransmitter
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Make it creative, accurate, and
APPROPRIATE!
Due Tuesday—2 classwork grades
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Create a MNEMONIC DEVICE to remember the
function of each major brain structure.
◦ Using words and/or pictures
◦ You will need a pack of notecards for this
 Any size, but bigger is better
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Left and Right Hemispheres
◦ Contralateral control
 each hemisphere controls the opposite side of he
body
◦ Lateralization
 Left and right hemispheres have different functions
◦ Left Hemisphere
 Usually handles verbal processes
 Language, speech, reading, writing
◦ Right Hemisphere
 Usually handles nonverbal processing
 Spatial, musical, and visual recognition tasks
Video Clip: Quick Left/Right Brain Test
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Large band of neural fibers connecting the
two brains hemispheres and carrying
messages between them.
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Split-brain surgery--cutting the corpus
callosum to reduce epileptic seizures
Gazzaniga, Bogen, & Sperry—famous for
split-brain studies (1965)
◦ Split brain patients were asked to focus on a dot
and then images were shown on both sides of the
dots (in their left & right visual fields)
◦ When shown to the right visual field—they could
name & describe objects
◦ When shown to the left visual field—they could NOT
name it.
◦ Supports the idea that language is controlled by the
left side of the brain.
Video Clip: Girl with Half a Brain
Video Clip: Split Brain Experiments
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Top part of the spinal cord includes:
Cerebellum= “little brain”
◦ Coordinates fine muscle movement—writing, typing,
playing an instrument
◦ Balance
(finger to nose during drunk test—one of
the first parts of the brain affected by alcohol)
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Medulla
◦ Regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and
circulation (also maintaining muscle tone, regulating reflexes—
sneezing, coughing, salivating)
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Pons(bridge of fibers connecting the brainstem to the cerebellum)
◦ Involved in sleep and arousal
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Reticular Formation
Nerve network controlling arousal (also muscle reflexes, breathing,
& pain perception)
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Lies between the hindbrain
& the forebrain
Involved in locating where things are
in space (locating where a sound came from)
 Dopamine synthesis (creation)—used for
voluntary movements
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Damage to an area of the midbrain linked to
Parkinson’s
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Largest & most complex region of the brain
Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum,
& more
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Large in humans
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◦ Includes cerebral cortex (outer layer of the brain—
wrinkly cauliflower looking part!) and subcortical
structures
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Thalamus
◦ Top of the brainstem
◦ Relay center for cortex
◦ Distributes all incoming sensory signals – except
smells
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Regulates basic biological needs
◦ Hunger, thirst, sexual desire, temperature
regulation
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“hypo”=underunder the thalamus
Size of a kidney bean; pleasure center
Controls autonomic nervous system
Link between brain & endocrine
system (hormones)
The four F’s (fighting, fleeing,
feeding, and…ahem…”mating”)
Rat that kept “accidentally”
stimulating his hypothalamus—
dopamine rich area
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If researchers lesion (cut
out) the lateral (side) areas
of the hypothalamus—the
animal will starve
If researchers electrically
stimulate the lateral
hypothalamus (activate it) –
the animal will eat
constantly and gain weight
rapidly
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Loosely connected network
that contributes to emotion,
memory, motivation (pleasure
centers)
◦ Hippocampus
 Contributes to memory
◦ Amygdala
 Involved in learning of aggression
and fear responses
◦ Parts of the thalamus &
hypothalamus are included in the
limbic system
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Cerebrum -Handles complex
mental activities
 Sensing, learning, thinking,
planning
 Divided into two cerebral
hemispheres (left/right brains)
 Fissures—grooves in the brain;
corpus callosum in the fissure
separating the halves, connecting
the two hemispheres
 Each cerebral hemisphere has 4
lobes:
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Frontal Lobe
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Located behind the forehead
Speaking and muscle movements
Making plans and judgments
Prefrontal cortex – relational reasoning, working memory
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Parietal Lobe
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Occipital Lobe
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Temporal Lobe
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Motor Cortex
◦ Located at the top of the head
◦ Somatosensory cortex – touch and body sensation
◦ Located at the back of the head
◦ Visual areas that receive visual information form the opposite visual field
◦ Located above the ears
◦ Includes auditory areas primarily from the opposite ear
◦ Located at the rear of the frontal lobes
◦ Controls voluntary movement
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Aphasia – impaired use of language due to
damage to any one of several cortical areas
Broca’s Area – controls speech muscles via
the motor cortex
Wernicke’s Area- Interprets auditory code
Angular Gyrus – transforms visual
representations into an auditory code
Visual Cortex – receives written words as
visual stimulation
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Clinical Observations
◦ Observe effects of brain disease and injuries
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Manipulating the Brain
◦ Electrically, chemically or magnetically stimulate
parts of the brain and study the effects
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Record Electrical Activity
◦ EEG – electroencephalogram
 Use electrodes on the head to record electrical activity
 Line tracings called brain waves
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Measures brain waves
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Lesioning
◦ Destroying a piece of the brain to learn about its
function
 Electrode inserted deep into brain, passes electric
current, burns tissue & disables brain structure
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Neuroimaging Techniques
◦ PET scans – positron emission tomography scan
 Chemical Activity
 Detects radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a
given task
 Like radar shows which areas of the brain are most active while
performing a task
◦ MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
 Images of Brain Structure
 Uses a strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a
computer-generated images that distinguish among different
types of tissue
 See the structures within the brain, brain anatomy
◦ fMRI – functional MRI
 Brain Function
 Reveals blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive
MRI scans
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The brains ability to modify and reorganize
following damage (especially in children)
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NPR audio article
◦ “The Face Of A Famous Skull Found On Flickr”
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Be ready to share with the class 3 details from
the story.
Phineas Gage LEGO creation
-Damaged frontal lobe
& prefrontal cortex
-Found that it affected
both his decision
making and
personality
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The body’s slow chemical communication
system
Glands that secrete hormones into the
bloodstream
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Chemical messengers
◦ Mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands that
are produced in one tissue and affect another
including the brain
◦ When they act on the brain they influence our
interest in sex, food and aggression
◦ Some are chemically identical to neurotransmitters
◦ Effects usually outlast the effects of neural
messages
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Endocrine glands –
◦ above kidneys
◦ Secrete
 Epinephrine (adrenaline)
 Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
◦ Help to arouse the body in times of stress
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Pituitary gland
◦ Most influential gland- hypothalamus controls the
pituitary gland
◦ Regulates growth and controls other endocrine
glands
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Hypothalamus
◦ Brain region controlling the pituitary
gland
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Pineal
◦ Produced melatonin; functions in sleep
& circadian rhythms
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Pituitary gland
◦ Secretes hormones that affect other
glands
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Thyroid gland
◦ Metabolism
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Parathyroids
◦ Regulates calcium in the blood
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Adrenal glands
◦ Fight or flight responses
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Pancreas
◦ Regulates blood sugar
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Gonads
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Ovary
Secretes female sex hormones
Testis
Secretes male sex hormones
Hormone Crash Course
Brain
Pituitary
Other
glands
Hormones
Brain
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With your partner(s),
develop a scenario in which
a person may have
damaged, injured, or
developed some kind of
abnormality to the part(s) of
the brain you have been
assigned.
Describe what
symptoms/difficulties a
person injured in that
region(s) of the brain may
face.
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Describe your scenario and
present your symptoms to
the class
The class will determine
what brain part(s) were
affected.
*Turn in ONE copy of your
scenario/symptoms and
affected brain parts.