Transcript Chapter 37 - Biology Junction

Biology, Seventh Edition
Solomon • Berg • Martin
Chapter 37
The Animal Body:
Introduction to
Structure and Function
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Tissue consists of a group of
closely associated, similar cells
that carry out specific functions
• Tissues associate to form
organs, such as the heart
• Groups of tissues and organs
form organ systems
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Main types of animal tissue
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Classification depends on
structure and origin
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Epithelial tissue forms a
continuous layer or sheet
covering a body surface or
lining a body cavity
• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Sensation
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Connective tissue consists of
fewer cells separated by
intercellular substance, fibers in
a matrix
• Collagen fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Connective tissue contains
specialized cells
• Fibroblasts
• Macrophages
• Functions of connective tissue
• Joins other tissues
• Supports the body and its organs
• Protects underlying organs
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Muscle tissue consists of cells
specialized to contract
• Each cell is an elongated muscle
fiber containing contractile units
called myofibrils
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Nervous tissue
• Elongated cells called neurons
–Specialized for transmitting
impulses
• Glial cells
–Support and nourish neurons
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Types of epithelial cell shapes
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Type of epithelial tissue
• Simple
• Stratified
• Pseudostratified
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Lines blood vessels and air sacs
in the lungs
• Exchange of materials by
diffusion
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Biology, Seventh Edition
Simple squamous epithelium
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Simple cuboidal and columnar
epithelium
• Lines passageways
• Specialized for secretion and
absorption
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Biology, Seventh Edition
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
Simple columnar epithelium
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Outer layer of skin
• Lines passageways into the body
• Provides protection
• Pseudostratified epithelium
• Lines passageways
• Protects underlying tissue
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Biology, Seventh Edition
Stratified squamous epithelium
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
Pseudostratified epithelium
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Glands are formed from
epithelial tissue
• Goblet cells
–Unicellular glands that secret mucus
–Exocrine glands secrete onto an
epithelial surface
• Endocrine glands
–Release hormones into interstitial fluid or
blood
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Glands
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Epithelial membrane
• Sheet of epithelial tissue and a
• Layer of underlying connective tissue
• Mucous membrane
• Lines a cavity that opens to the
outside of the body
• Serous membrane
• Lines a cavity that does not open to
the outside of the body
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Types of connective tissue
• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
• Elastic connective tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Loose connective tissue
• In the subcutaneous tissue
• Between many body parts
• Fibers in a semifluid matrix
• Cartilage cells (chondroctyes)
• In lacunae, small cavities in the
cartilage matrix
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Loose connective tissue
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Cartilage
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Osteocytes
• Secrete and maintain the matrix
of bone
• Compact bone consists of
spindle-shaped units called
osteons
–Central blood vessel through a
Haversian canal surrounded by
lamellae
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Bone
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Skeletal muscle
• Striated
• Under voluntary control
• Each elongated, cylindrical
muscle fiber has several nuclei
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Cardiac muscle
• Striated
• Contraction is involuntary
• Elongated, cylindrical fibers
branch and fuse
• Each fiber has one or two nuclei
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Smooth muscle
• Contracts involuntarily
• Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers
lack striation
• Each fiber has a central nucleus
• Responsible for movement of
food through the digestive tract
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Muscle tissues
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Elongated neurons receive and
transmit information
• Dendrites receive signals and
transmit them to the cell body
• Axon transmits signal to other
neurons, a muscle, or a gland
• Synapse is a junction between
neurons
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Biology, Seventh Edition
Nervous tissue
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CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
•Organ systems
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•
•
•
•
•
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
•Organ systems
•
•
•
•
•
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Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Homeostasis
• Automatic tendency to maintain a
balanced internal environment
• Dynamic equilibrium maintained
by negative feedback systems
• Regulators respond to counteract
changes caused by stressors
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
Homeostasis
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Thermoregulation
• Homeostatic mechanisms for
regulating body temperature
• Physiological
• Structural
• Behavioral
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Ectotherms
• Body temperature varies with the
environment
• Very little energy used
• Less food needed
• Activity may be limited by daily
and seasonal temperatures
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Endotherms
• Mechanisms to maintain body
temperature in a narrow range
• Increased enzyme activity
• Activity even in low winter
temperatures
• High energy cost
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Biology, Seventh Edition
CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body
• Acclimatization
• Process of adjustment to seasonal
changes
• Torpor
–Adaptive hypothermia
• Hibernation
–Long-term torpor in winter cold
• Estivation
–Torpor caused by lack of food or water in
summer heat
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