Transcript Central Nervous System

Animation
REGULATION
in the human body
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
In your notebook…
”The Nervous System allows us
to________”
List 3 behaviors!
HOW???
How do we define the Nervous
System?
• The nervous system control and
coordinates functions throughout the body
and responds to internal and external
stimuli.
Functional Unit: NEURON
Central Nervous System
•Consists of the nerves in
the brain and spinal cord
1
Peripheral
Nervous
System
•Nerves that
extend from the
spinal cord into
the hands, arms,
legs, feet, and
face
A. Somatic handles voluntary
control of body
movement
B. Autonomic handles
involuntary control
functions
Consists of 3 types of
neurons:
1) Sensory Neurons – pick up stimuli from receptors such
as eyes, ears, mouth, ears and transfer an impulse to an
interneuron
2) Interneurons – relay impulses between sensory and
motor neurons, many are located in the spinal cord
3) Motor Neurons – relay impulses between interneurons
and effectors (muscle) causing your body to move/respond!
Your Brain is Plastic!
True or False?
Plasticity
• Terminal Branches
• Nucleus
• Axon
• Dendrites
• Cell Body
• Myelin Sheath
• Nodes of Ranvier
• Schwann Cell
Animation
Nucleus
Axon Terminal/Terminal
Branches
Releases chemical
neurotransmitters into
the synapse
Cell Body
Schwann Cell
A fatty insulation
that speeds
transmission of
electrochemical
Nodes of Ranvier
message
All Schwann Cells =
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Dendrites
Picks up signal/
neurotransmitters
from previous
neuron or receptor
What
can you
think of
that must
be
insulated
in order
to work
properly?
The Synapse – gap between one
neuron and another neuron/effector
• Video
Neurotransmitter – chemical
messenger molecule that
stimulates the dendrite of the
next neuron
Mitochondria – many are located
in the synaptic knobs because
this process requires much
ENERGY!!
The Synapse
Animation
zoloft
Prozac
Axon Terminal /
Synaptic Knob
Vesicles – sacs that
release
neurotransmitters
Ion Reuptake
Channelcollects the
neurotransmitte
rs that are
unused
Synapse – gap
between two
neurons
RECEPTORS – receive
neurotransmitters from
previous neuron
The Brain!!!!
Plasticity
1. Thalamus – “relay
station” between
sensation and the
cerebral cortex
2. Cerebrum / Cerebral
Cortex – controls
conscious thought.
memory, emotions,
reasoning, voluntary
movement, the 5 senses
3. Hypothalamus –
links the nervous
system to the
endocrine system,
responsible for the
production of certain
hormones
4. Pons – aids the medulla
7. Cerebellum – controls
5. Medulla Oblongata –
balance and coordination (fine
involuntary activities such as
motor activity
breathing and heart rate
(bellum=balance)
6. Spinal Cord – controls reflexes
Inside the Brain: Unraveling the
Mystery of Alzheimer's Disease
[HQ] - YouTube
Which substances are secreted at the
endings of nerve cells?
1) antibodies
2) antigens
3) neurotransmitters
4) lipids
How are impulses sent throughout
the body?
1) Normal Process (uses brain for processing)
2) Reflex Process (faster and does NOT use
brain)
Pathway of an Impulse
Stimulus
Receptor (Ear)
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Brain
Another Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Effector (muscle or gland)
Response (turn your head)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
object.
Acoustic reflex or stapedius reflex or attenuation
Reflex testreflex —
contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles in the
Spinal Reflex Intro – YouTube
middle ear in response to high sound intensities.
Ankle jerk reflex — jerking of the ankle when
the Achilles
Babinski
Reflex - tendon
YouTubeis
hit with a tendon hammer while the foot is relaxed, stimulating the
S1 reflex arc.
Arthrokinetic reflex — muscular activation or inhibition in response
to joint mobilization
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) or tonic neck reflex — in
infants up to four months of age, when the head is turned to the
side, the arm on that side will straighten and the contralateral arm
will bend.
Babinski reflex — in infants up to one year of age, and also in older
individuals with neurological damage, a spreading of the toes and
extension of the big toe in response to stroking the side of the foot.
Baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex — homeostatic countereffect to
a sudden elevation or reduction in blood pressure detected by the
baroreceptors in the aortic arch, carotid sinuses, etc.
Bezold-Jarisch reflex
Biceps reflex — a jerking of the forearm when the biceps brachii
tendon is struck with a tendon hammer, stimulating the C5 and C6
reflex arcs.
Blushing — a reddening of the face caused by embarrassment,
shame, or modesty.
Brachioradialis reflex — a jerking of the forearm when the
• Glabellar reflex
• Golgi tendon reflex
• Knee jerk or patellar reflex — a kick caused by striking the patellar
tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella, stimulating the
L4 and L3 reflex arcs.
• Mammalian diving reflex
• Moro reflex — only in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of
age: a sudden symmetric spreading of the arms, then unspreading
and crying, caused by an unexpected loud noise or the sensation of
being dropped. It is the only unlearned fear in humans.
• Palmar grasp reflex — in infants up to six months of age, a closing
of the hand in response to an object being placed in it.
• Photic sneeze reflex — a sneeze caused by sudden exposure to
bright light.
• Plantar reflex — in infants up to 1 year of age, a curling of the toes
when something rubs the ball of the foot.
• Pupillary accommodation reflex — a reduction of pupil size in
response to an object coming close to the eye.
• Pupillary light reflex — a reduction of pupil size in response to
light.
• Rooting reflex — turning of an infant's head toward anything that
strokes the cheek or mouth.
• Shivering — shaking of the body in response to early hypothermia
in warm-blooded animals.
• Sneeze or sternutation — a convulsive expulsion of air from the
Malfunctions of the Nervous System
1) Cerebral Palsy congenital (born with) diseases
characterized by a disturbance of motor functions speech and
muscle actions may be distorted, but intelligence falls in the
normal range. Causes are varied, usually due to
complications in utero.
2) Meningitis Caused by a bacteria or virus that causes
inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and
spinal cord.
3) Stroke Caused by a burst blood vessel (cerebral
hemorrhage) or a blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain
may result in brain damage
4) Polio caused by a virus that attacks the CNS. May result in
paralysis –preventable through immunization
5) Paralysis Caused by a sever or damage to neurons in the
spinal cord
Regulation: The Endocrine System
• Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to
perform cellular communication
• Necessary for growth, fight/flight response, maturation of
secondary sex characteristics, etc.
Nervous System
Endocrine System
1. Uses neurons to
transmit
electrochemical
1. Both regulate
messages
responses to
(neurotransmitters)
changes in
the
2. Uses the
environment
brain, spinal
cord, and
2. Both involve
peripheral
receptors to
nerves
recognize
3. Is faster
specific
acting, but
signals!
not as long
lasting
1. Uses the
bloodstream
to transmit
chemical
messages
(hormones)
2. Uses glands
and the
bloodstream
3. Is slower
acting, but
action lasts
much longer
Target Cells
• Each gland possesses “target cells” with
specifically shaped receptors for certain
hormones.
• Ex. Gonads (ovaries and testes) contain
receptors for FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone) that is released by the pituitary
gland. FSH causes these glands to mature
during puberty
Regulates the growth of
long bones
Stimulates the thyroid to
produce thyroxin
What is the
Pituitary
Gland?
Stimulates follicles in gonads
to grow and mature
Regulates cell metabolism cell
oxygen consumption
Increase heart rate, dilate pupils, increase diameter
of blood vessels (fight/flight)
Decreases blood-glucose levels by attaching to
glucose to bring it out of the blood into cells
Increases blood glucose levels by converting
glycogen to glucose
Secondary Sex Characteristics, body hair and muscle growth, deepened voice
Secondary Sex Characteristics, body hair & breast growth, hips widening
Thickening of the uterine lining
Negative Feedback
• An endocrine control mechanism
• When the level of one hormone in the
blood inhibits (stops) the production of
another hormone
• Keeps the body from producing too much
of one hormone
negative feedback
1) Gigantism - syndrome results from
excessive production of GH (Growth
Hormone) from the pituitary gland
VIDEO
2) Hyperthyroidism – thyroid produces
excessive amounts of thyroxin, causing
weight loss, heart palpitations, anxiety,
bulging eyes!
3) Goiter – Pituitary produces excessive
TSH, causing overstimulation of the
thyroid.(may be due to lack of iodine in the
diet)
4) Diabetes - the pancreas cannot make
enough insulin to keep glucose moving
into the cells to make ATP!!
Type 1 Diabetes
Complications
Diabetes
Animation YouTube