CH005a NERVOUS SYS - INTRO 10-22
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Transcript CH005a NERVOUS SYS - INTRO 10-22
The Nervous System:
Introduction
Transmission of signals for communication
and for coordination of body systems
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Nervous System Functions
Sensory input
The nervous system has three overlapping functions
Gathering of sensory input
Integration or interpretation of sensory input
Causation of a response or motor output
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Introduction
Sensory input
The nervous system has millions of sensory
receptors to monitor both internal and external
change
Integration
It processes and interprets the sensory input
and makes decisions about what should be
done at each moment
Motor output
Causes a response by activating effector organs
(muscles and glands)
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS
Brain
PNS
Spinal Cord
Nerves
-Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
Ganglia
MOTOR
Efferent
- From CNS
Somatic-Motor
ANS
Parasympathetic
SENSORY
Afferent
- To CNS
Visceral
Somatic-Sensory
Sympathetic
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Nervous System
Two types of cells in nervous system:
Neurons – motor, sensory, association
Neuroglia – 6 types
CNS (Central Nervous System):
Brain – cerebrum, diencephalon,
brain stem, cerebellum
Spinal Cord – horns, columns;
ascending and descending tracts
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System):
Cranial nerves – 12 pairs
Spinal nerves – 31 pairs
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Neurons
Functional unit of nervous system
Have capacity to produce action
potentials
electrical excitability/electrical impulses
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Neuron: Parts and Functions
of
Ranvier
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Classification of Neurons
Neurons can be classified
functionally or structurally
Functional classification is usually used to
describe how the neurons work within us
– see Table 8-1, p156
Structural classification is based on the
number of processes that extend from the
cell body.
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1.
2.
3.
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Structural Classification of Neurons
Based on number of processes found on cell body
multipolar = several dendrites & one axon
most common cell type
bipolar neurons = one main dendrite & one axon
found in retina, inner ear & olfactory
unipolar neurons = one process only(develops from a bipolar)
are always sensory neurons
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Blood-Brain Barrier
The blood-brain barrier is selective and
incomplete, not an absolute barrier
Nutrients, such as glucose, essential
amino acids, and some electrolytes,
move passively by facilitated diffusion
through the endothelial cell membranes
Bloodborne metabolic wastes, such as
urea and creatinine as well as proteins,
certain toxins, and most drugs, are
prevented from entering brain tissue
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The Nervous System:
Nerve Impulses
Action potentials = AP
Neuronal electrical activity
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Electrical Activity of Axons
Functional characteristics of
neurons:
Excitability/irritability:
Ability
to respond to stimuli by
producing electrical impulses.
Conductivity:
Ability
to transmit electrical impulses
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Ion Channels
Proteins within the
membrane can open
and close, thus
allowing ions to
travel in or out.
K+ channels allow
outward flow
Na+, inward
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The Nervous System:
The Synapse
Neurotransmitters
TRANSMISSION across a
Synapse
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Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Between Neurons
Synapse: junction between neurons, muscles,
glands
Signal is carried by neurotransmittors that
diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
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Fig. 12.14
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Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between
Neurons
Neurotransmitters can be:
Stimulatory: initiates action potential
eg. Acetylcholine
Inhibitory: prevents action potential
eg. GABA, Dopamine
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Neurotransmitters by function
Excitatory – generally cause increase
excitability (depolarization)
ACH = Acetylcholine
NE = Norepinephrine
EPI = Epinephrine
DA = Dopamine
Inhibitory – generally cause decrease
excitability
(hyperpolarization)
GABA = Gamma-aminobutyric acid
5-HT = Serotonin
Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
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Nervous System and Aging:
Page 178
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Clinical Terms:
Neurology
Rabies
Guillain-Barre
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