Transcript Nervous and Muscular System

The Muscular System
• Muscles contribute to
the outward
appearance of animals
and are essential for
movement, posture,
breathing, circulation,
digestion, and many
other functions
Muscular System
• Types of muscle
fibers
• Smooth
• Cardiac
• Skeletal
Types of Muscle
The Muscular System
• Muscles are classified
as being voluntary or
involuntary
– Voluntary muscles are
those that can be
contracted or relaxed at
will
– Involuntary muscles are
regulated by the nervous
and endocrine systems
Functional Unit of the Muscle
• Sarcomere
– fundamental functional
unit of striated muscle
(skeletal and cardiac)
– http://highered.mheduc
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855/student_view0/cha
pter10/animation__sarc
omere_contraction.html
The Nervous System
• The nervous system is a
complex network that
regulates most activities
of the body, coordinates
movements, and relays
sensations
The Nervous System
• Two major divisions
– central nervous
system
• Brain and spinal cord
– peripheral nervous
system
• Nerves throughout body
for sensory and motor
control
The Nervous System
• Nerve cells are called neurons
– Dendrite
– Axon
– Synapse
The Nervous System
• The brain controls most activities of the body,
both voluntary and involuntary
– Major divisions
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
• Cerebrum
– Divided into the L and R
hemispheres
– Connected by corpus
callosum
– Functions in: determining
intelligence and
personality; thinking;
perceiving; language;
motor function; planning
and organizing; touch
sensation
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
• Cerebellum
– Back of brain
– Functions in:
maintenance of balance
and posture;
coordination of
voluntary movements;
motor learning;
cognitive functions
(language)
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
• Diencephalon
– Include: hypothalmus,
thalmus, and epi- and
subthalmus
– Functions to: direct
sense impulses
throughout body;
autonomic
(involuntary/PNS),
motor, and endocrine
control; homeostasis;
and touch sensation
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
• Brain stem
– Stem-like part of the base
of the brain connected to
spinal cord
– Consists of: midbrain,
pons, and medulla
oblongata
– Functions to: control the
flow of messages between
the brain and body; control
breathing, swallowing,
heart rate, blood pressure,
consciousness; and identify
if one is awake/alert or
tired/sleepy
The Nervous System
• Composition
– Gray matter is
formed by the
aggregation of the
cell bodies of
neurons
– White matter is
composed of
myelinated nerve
cell processes
The Nervous System
• Function
– Gray Matter: muscle control;
sensory perceptions, such as
seeing and hearing; memory;
emotions; and speech
– White Matter: relays sensory
information from the rest of
the body to the cerebral
cortex; regulates autonomic
functions (body temperature,
heart rate and blood
pressure); expression of
emotions; and regulation of
food and water intake