Transcript Glands

The Neuron
0 Video
0 A nerve cell
0 Neurons transmit electrical and chemical information
throughout the body.
0 The basic building block of the nervous system.
Parts of a Neuron
0 Dendrite: part that receives information from the
axons of other neurons and conduct impulses
toward the cell body.
0 Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains
the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell
healthy.
0 Axon: Part that carries messages away from the
cell to the dendrites of another neuron.
The Neural Impulse
0 Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where
neurotransmitters are stored.
0 Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that
travels down the axon of a neuron
0 Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a neuron, after
firing, cannot generate another action potential
0 Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and
capable of generating an action potential.
0 All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron
fires, it always fires at the same intensity.
Communication Between
Neurons
0 Video
0 Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one
0
0
0
0
neuron and the dendrite of another.
Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse
from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will
generate an action potential.
Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message.
0 Pain
0 Movement
0 Pleasure
Impulses go about 120 yards a second
We know of 60 differed transmitters
Types of Neurotransmitters
0 Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that regulates
basic bodily processes such as movement.
0 Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the
control of bodily movements
0 Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve
pain and increase our sense of well-being.
0 Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects
hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.
Neurotransmitters Effects
0 Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that
makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will
generate an action potential (impulse).
0 Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that
makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will
generate an action potential.
The Neural Chain
0 Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems of the
body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials
that the nervous system can process.
0 Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense
receptors to the central nervous system.
0 Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
responsible for processing information related to sensory
input and motor output.
0 Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles
and glands from the central nervous system.
The Central Nervous System
0 The brain and spinal cord.
0 Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as an
automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay
station for impulses to and from the higher brain.
0 Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving
movement that is activated through the spinal cord
with out use of the higher brain.
0 The spinal cord can work on its own the brain
cannot.
The Somatic Nervous System
0 A division of the peripheral nervous system
containing sensory and motor nerves.
0 Sensory: relay information to the brain.
0 Motor: get instructions from the brain and
spinal cord and put muscles to work.
0 Whenever we voluntarily move in some way
the somatic system is involved.
Autonomic Nervous System
0 The automatic control system of the body.
0 Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion, and so on.
0 Pupils
0 Salivary glands
0 Lungs
0 Heart rate
0 Stomach
0 Liver
0 Adrenal glands
1st part of
Autonomic Nervous system
0 Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the
autonomic nervous system that energizes and
prepares for emergencies.
0 Prepares you for fight of flight
0 accelerator
2nd part of
Autonomic Nervous System
0 Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division
of the autonomic nervous system that
conserves bodily activity
0 Works in opposition to the sympathetic system to calm
us down.
0 Brake
0 Keep in balance
The Endocrine System
0 Endocrine System: system that includes all
their glands and their chemical messages
taken together.
0 Hormones: Chemical regulators that control
bodily processes such as emotional responses,
growth, and sexuality.
0 Glands: Units of the body that contain the
hormones.
The Pituitary Gland
0 The master gland.
0 Activates other glands
0 Determines how tall or short we will be.
0 Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the
growth process.
0 Tallest: 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22
0 video
0 Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19
0 Requires normal environment
Thyroid Gland
0 The gland that controls and regulates the speed of
bodily processes.
0 Metabolism: the speed at which the body operates or
the speed at which it uses up energy.
Thyroid Gland
0 Activity:
0 High Thyroid: Very active
0 Low thyroid: Sluggish
0 Very Low at birth: Mental retardation
0 Emotional State
0 Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety
0 Under active: Sad mood, depression
0 Not only causes of anxiety and depression
The Adrenal Gland
0 Glands that cause excitement in order to prepare
the body for an emergency or for some important
activity.
0 Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for
emergency activity by increasing blood pressure,
breathing rate, and energy level.
0 Helps blood clot faster
0 Body cannot tell the difference between a real
emergency and one we just think about.