Transcript Intro_b
Basic neuroscience Introduction J. Lauwereyns, Ph.D. Professor Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences Kyushu University [email protected] Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Neural coding and decoding Studying the relation between events (stimuli, responses) and brain activity Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Neural decoding and decoding Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Neural decoding and decoding Trying to reconstruct events based on the interpretation of brain data Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Neural coding and decoding Information e.g., Visual image Brain Activity e.g., Visual neuron Information e.g., Machine vision Complex data… Important applications… Brain • All tissues and organs consist of cells • In the brain: neurons and glia • 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia • Neurons: – Information, communication, control • Glia: (glial or neuroglia) – Insulation, support, nourishment Brain • All tissues and organs consist of cells • In the brain: neurons and glia • 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia • Neurons: – Information, communication, control • Glia: (glial or neuroglia) – Insulation, support, nourishment Glial cells • The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - microglia Glial cells • The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - microglia Glial cells • The brain contains three major classes of glial cell – - Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - microglia Brain • All tissues and organs consist of cells • In the brain: neurons and glia • 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia • Neurons: – Information, communication, control • Glia: (glial or neuroglia) – Insulation, support, nourishment Brain • All tissues and organs consist of cells • In the brain: neurons and glia • 100 billion neurons, 1000 billion glia • Neurons: – Information, communication, control • Glia: (glial or neuroglia) – Insulation, support, nourishment The neuron doctrine ( We say “Neuroscience,” not “Gliascience”) The neuron doctrine Golgi stained neuron: Soaking brain tissue in a silver chromate solution, nicely shows cell body (nucleus) vs. thin tubes size… Ramón y Cajal Using Golgi’s Method: Work out the circuitry of brain regions Golgi was wrong, Ramón y Cajal was right: The brain consists of many separate neurons, communicating by contact, not continuity Measuring brain activity Blood flow Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS = Indirect, not neural activity itself, but supply of blood to neurons (via glia) Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity EEG, MEG, Intracranial, Single cell, Intracellular Measuring brain activity Blood flow fMRI, PET, NIRS Electrical activity = Can be direct, when you insert the electrode in the brain, or even in the neuron, but is “invasive” Where does the activity come from? What do neurons do? Need to study the basics… Where does the activity come from? What do neurons do? Need to study the basics… Where does the activity come from? What do neurons do? Need to study the basics… The Prototypical Neuron • Cell body (soma, perikaryon) • Axon • Dendrites The neuron The neuron Transport The neuron Chemical release Transport The neuron Detection Chemical release Transport The neuron Chemical release Detection DNA Transport The neuron Chemical release Detection DNA Transport Insulation Glia In mammals: Axons are myelinated