Transcript The Nervous System

The Human Brain
Master Watermark Image:
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain.
It is
divided into two hemispheres, each of which is
divided into four lobes.
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif
Lobes of the Brain (4)
O Frontal
O Parietal
O Occipital
O Temporal
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
O The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the
Frontal Bone of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision Making/Reasoning
- Personality
(Investigation: Phineas
Investigation
(PhineasGage)
Gage)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
O The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to
the Parietal Bone of the skull.
• It plays a major role in the following functions/actions:
- Senses and integrates sensation(s)
- Spatial awareness and perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
O The Occipital Lobe of the
Brain is located deep to the
Occipital Bone of the Skull.
• Its primary function is the
processing, integration,
interpretation, etc. of VISION and
visual stimuli.
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
O The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the
brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull.
• They
play an integral role
in the following functions:
- Hearing
- Organization/Comprehension
of language
- Information Retrieval
(Memory and Memory Formation)
Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg
The Nervous System
How the nervous system works
O Nervous system controls body functions
from emotions, movements, thinking and
behavior
Nervous System = 2 parts
O 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – the
brain and the spinal cord
O 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – the
smaller branches of nerves that reach that
other parts of the body
PNS and CNS
O PNS Conducts information from the bodily
organs to the CNS and take information back
to the organs
O All parts are protected in some way: brain by
the skull and several layers of sheathing;
spinal cord by the vertebrae; peripheral
nerves by layers of sheathing
How are messages
transmitted?
O Messages to and from the brain travel along
the nerves which are strings of long, thin
cells called NEURONS
O Neurons can fire over and over again,
hundreds of times a minute
O The neuron “fires” on an all-or-nothing
principle – must be completely stimulated in
order to send messages
Parts of the Neurons
O 1. Cell Body: contains nucleus and produces
the energy needed to fuel the activity
O 2. Dendrites: short, thin fibers that stick out
from the cell body which receive impulses from
other neurons and send them to the cell body
O 3. Axon – long fiber that carries impulses away
from the cell body toward the dendrites
O *Myelin sheath – insulates and protects the
axon for some neurons
O Multiple sclerosis – myelin sheath is destroyed
Neuron Connection
O Space between neurons is called the
SYNAPSE – junction between the neurons
O Neuron transmits its message to another
neuron be releasing neurotransmitters –
chemicals
O Can excite the next neuron or inhibit
Types of Neurotransmitters
O Norepinephrine – involved with memory
O
O
O
O
and learning
Endorphin – inhibits pain
Acetylcholine – movement and memory;
low dosages can lead to paralysis or
Alzheimer’s disease
Dopamine – involved with learning,
emotional arousal; low levels are linked
to schizophrenia and Parkinson’s
disease
Serotonin – may result in depression
Neuron Activity
O Each individual is either ON or OFF
O Afferent neurons – sensory neurons,
relay messages from the sense organs
(including eyes, ears, nose and skin) to
the brain
O Efferent neurons – motor neurons –
send signals from the brain to the glands
and muscles
O Interneuron – carry impulses between
the neurons in the body
Voluntary and Involuntary
Activities
O Somatic Nervous System – refers to the part
of the peripheral nervous system that
controls voluntary activites
O Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – refers to
the part of the nervous system that controls
involuntary activities (heartbeat, stomach
activity, pupil enlargement)
ANS has 2 parts
O 1. Sympathetic nervous system prepares
the body for dealing with emergencies or
strenuous activity
O 2. Parasympathetic nervous system works
to conserve energy and to enhance the
body’s ability to recover
Assignment
O Pick one of the
following:
O Autism
O Dyslexia
O Multiple Sclerosis
O Alzheimer’s Disease
O Parkinson’s Disease
O Tourette’s Syndrome
O Depression
O Schizophrenia
O Write a two to three
page paper on the
topic discussing
O What the problem is
O What the causes of
the problem are
O Possible cures for
the disease – if any
O Research being
conducted on the
problem