Transcript The Brain

Brain
KWL
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Right brain controls
left side of body and
visa versa
Brain stores
information
Senses send messages
to your brain
Nerves send messages
to your brain and visa
versa
Brain is a part of the
nervous system
Brain controls the
body.
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How many different parts
of the brain do we have?
If your brain stops
Functioning, do you die?
What type of body part is
your brain?
How is the gifted brain
different from a normal
brain?
What color is the brain?
Does your brain remember
all tihings?
Are gifted brains more
likely to be right or left
brained?
Does your brain grow?
What if you have a brain
injury.?
What is it?
“the soft, grayish and whitish mass of nerve cells and nerve
fibers enclosed in the skull or head of vertebrate animals and
in human beings consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
medulla oblongata. The organ of consciousness or mind . . .”
Student Dictionary
Parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
•largest part of the brain
*85% of brain’s weight*
•contains right & left hemispheres
•stores facts & information
•responsible for memory, emotions, senses,
ideas, reasoning, and voluntary actions
Cerebellum
•“little brain”
•controls balance and muscular coordination
Medulla
•brain stem (1 in. section)
•controls involuntary actions such as breathing,
heart beat, and digestion
Spinal Cord
•relays impulses between the brain and other
parts of the body
Brain Lobes
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe is found in the area around your forehead. It is concerned with
emotions, reasoning, planning, movement, and parts of speech. It is also
involved in purposeful acts such as creativity, judgment, problem-solving, and
planning.
Parietal Lobe
The parietal lobes are found behind the frontal lobes, above the temporal
lobes, and at the top back of the brain. They are connected with the
processing of nerve impulses related to the senses, such as touch, pain, taste,
pressure, and temperature. They also have language functions.
Temporal Lobes
The temporal lobes are found on either side of the brain and just above the
ears. They are responsible for hearing, memory, meaning, and language. They
also play a role in emotion and learning. The temporal lobes are concerned
with interpreting and processing auditory stimuli.
Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe is found in the back of the brain. It is involved with the
brain's ability to recognize objects and it is responsible for our vision.
Lobes of the Brain
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Sensory, Motor, or Association Areas
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Area for touch, taste, & smell
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Voluntary muscle control area
Understanding speech, & using words
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Concentration, planning, & problem
solving
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Frontal eye field
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General interpretive area
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Motor speech area
11
Visual area
(Broca’s area)
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Interpretation of sensory experiences,
visual & auditory memory
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Combining visual images & visual
recognition
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Auditory area
Brain Development
Developed as a bump at the end of
the neural tube.
•Your brain weighed less than a pound
(12-14 oz.) when your were born.
•Around nine months the human
loses the ability to create more
neurons.
•It tripled in size before your 1st
birthday.
•By this time the brain of the human
is so big that it can’t grow any further
until birth.
•This is why a human baby is less
developed than that of other
animals.
•By the time you were in kindergarten,
your brain was almost its full adult size
(3 lbs.).
•The human brain continues to grow
until about the age of 25.
Left vs. Right
Rational
Intuitive
Linear
Imagery
Sequential
Holistic
Logical
Spatial
Do you want to know whether you’re right-brained or left-brained?
Click here to find out!
Left Brain
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dislikes improvising
little use of metaphors & analogies
abstract math computation
ordering/sequencing
verbal memory/instructions
reading/writing/phonics
planning
verifying
duplication & application
reality/serious ideas
nonfiction
improving known
interpreting behavior (analysis)
critical/logical thinking
evaluative thinking
convergent thinking
Right Brain
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creative thinking (synthesis)
divergent thinking
evaluative thinking
nonlinear
holistic
visual/spatial
visual/kinesthetic instructions
playful experimenting
humorous ideas
use of metaphors & analogies
singing
random exploration
dreaming/imagination/fantasy
assuming
fiction
inventing
Male vs. Female Brains
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Mathematicians
Airplane pilots
Mechanical engineers
Architects
Race car drivers
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Emotions
Language
Artistic expression
Esthetic appreciation
Verbal language
Pre-planned tasks
Recall lists of words or text
Human Brains
Humans take longer to grow up than all other animals because the human brain is so complex. It takes about 12 years
to develop.
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Babies
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By Age 12
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Full set of brain cells- 100 billion.
Brain cells are called neurons.
The cells aren’t well connected.
A baby’s skull is partially open so the brain has room to
expand.
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Brain stops growing and the skills fuses into a solid case.
Although the brain stops growing it continues to keep
learning.
It continues to make new connections between cells
throughout life.
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By Age 5…
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Early 20’s
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Brain is almost completely formed. It doesn’t get any more
brain cells but it makes more connections between cells.
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Brain begins to shrink.
Each day, an adult loses thousands of brain cells.
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By Age 8
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Late 50’s and 60’s
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Humans can recover from severe brain injury. Healthy
nerve cells take over for lost or damaged ones.
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People lose brain cells at a faster rate.
Their brains make connections at a slower rate.
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Neurons
Your Brain’s Messengers
Your brain is full of billions of microscopic cells. Many of these cells are special messengers called
neurons. Neuron means "nerve cell.“ To picture the size of a neuron, think about the fact that 30,000
neurons can fit on the head of a pin!
We have about 100 billion neurons in our body. That is 10 million times more than the number of
stars you can see in a dark, cloudless sky. Each neuron can connect to thousands of others.
Neurons "talk" by sending chemicals to each other across a very tiny space called a synapse. Learning
happens when two neurons "talk". As the brain makes connections, it actually grows dendrites and makes
stronger synapses.
Neurons
Your Brain’s Messengers
What makes you smarter than a chicken, a dog, or any other kind of animal? The way your brain is
structured. It can be divided into white matter (the lumpy central core of the brain that connects all the
parts together) and gray matter (also called the cortex, it’s a thick layer (¼ inch) of tissue that
completely covers the white matter).
Experts believe that it’s our large amount of gray matter, which contains all of our brain cells, or
neurons, that makes us so intelligent. It is also believed that the first few times you try something new,
your brain tests out different pathways of connections through your neurons, finding the best one.
Parts of a Neuron
Gifted Brain
• More dendrites = greater ability to remember & more chances to meet
with a neighboring synapse
• Extra dendrites allow unusual “connections” to be made
• Also called “creativity” or “out of the box” thinking
History of Neuroscience
• Trepanning- Prehistoric times (6500B.C.)
Ancient medical practice which involved making a small hole in someone’s brain to release evil
spirits that were making the patient insane.
• Phrenology- 18th and 19th century (1700-1800)
Pseudo-science that analyzes bumps on the head to give insight to intelligence and character.
History of Neuroscience
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Paul Broca (1861)- observed patients who suffered strokes and other brain traumas.
Discovered that speech was located in the left hemisphere; hence, Broca’s area.
Carl Wernicke (1874)-observed patients who could speak and could not understand words.
Discovered that understanding language is located behind the left ear; hence, Wernicke’s
area.
Wilder Penfield (1940’s)-performed brain surgery on those who suffered severe epilepsy.
Patients were conscious as an incision was made through the scalp and into the skull to
expose the brain. The brain was electrically stimulated and parts of the brain were marked
with letters according to the patients physical response.
CT Scans (1970’s)
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Normal brain
computed tomography takes x-rays that give crosssectional pictures of the brain. Used to find tumors
and blood clots.
Blood clot
Brain tumor
PET Scans (1990’s)
• Positron emission tomography is a nuclear medicine imaging technique
which produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional
processes in the body.
PET Scans
• Other brain regions become
especially active when
subjects hear words through
ear-phones, as seen in the
PET scan on the right.
MRI (1990’s)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures the change of blood flow
in the brain or spinal cord.
• Is dominant method for both medicine and research due to noninvasiveness unlike the CT or PET scans.
Fascinating Facts
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In ancient times, people believed you could learn what another person knew by eating their brain.
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Your incredible brain can learn & store as much information as 20 volumes of an encyclopedia.
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Stegosaurus probably wasn’t the brightest dinosaur. Even though it was 30 ft. long and weighted nearly 2
tons, its brain was as puny as a chicken’s egg (3 oz.).
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Don’t ask a fish to do your homework. Fish have no frontal lobe or gray matter.
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A genius is someone whose I.Q. is greater than 135.
(The highest score that most tests can measure is 200)
Fascinating Facts
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It would take 32 million years to count, at a rate of one per second, the connections
between your neurons.
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Most people learn 45,000 words between the age of one and the end of high school. That’s
an average of seven new words everyday.
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Dolphins, orangutans, & chimpanzees are the only other animals that can recognize
themselves in a mirror the way human babies can by the time they’re 18 months old. All
other creatures think their reflection is another animal.
Memory
Life without memory would be impossible.
You need it to remember your best friend’s phone number or your birthday.
You need it to remember who you are, how to walk, how to speak and whether
or not you like to eat pizza.
Everything that you learn and all your experiences are encoded in your brain as
patterns of electrical pulses passing between neurons (B-day). Memories are
pattern of pulses which are repeated without the experiences actually
taking place (Picture of b-day). A particular memory returns each time a pattern of
electrical pulses is activated.
Two Types- Long Term and Short Term
Long Term Memory
Things can stay in your long-term memory for
hours, weeks, months, years or even for
the rest of your life.
LTM stores everything that you know.
By the time you are 8 years old, it hold more
information than a million
encyclopedias.
It has an unlimited capacity. I will go on
storing new information even if you were
to live until you were over a hundred.
Examples:
A vocabulary of more than 15,000 words
How to tie your shoelaces
How to ride a bicycle
The names of all your classmates
What you had for dinner last night.
How to find your way home from school.
Who won the World Cup.
How to read, write and add.
The times of, and characters in, the TV shows you
like best.
Short Term Memory
• Can only store a maximum on nine things at one time. Most people cannot
manage more than seven
• After a few minutes, facts in your short-term memory are displaced by new
ones.
• The old facts either just fade away or are transferred to your long-term
memory.
• Most facts in your short-term memory are stored as sounds.
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Listen to the sequence of letters and write down as many as you can remember in the right order.
(Understanding your Brain, p.15)
How is your brain like a computer?
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Both use electrical signals to send messages.
• Both transmit information.
• Both have a memory than can grow.
• Both can adapt and learn.
• Both have evolved over time.
• Both need energy.
• Both can be damaged.
• Both can be changed or modified.
• Both can do math and other logical tasks.
Both brains and computers are studied by scientists.
Brain Stroke a.k.a.”Brain Attack”
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A stroke occurs when a specific part of the brain does not receive sufficient blood flow or too much blood.
There may be a blockage or bleeding of a blood vessel in the neck or brain.
The brain tissue becomes either starved or damaged; therefore, neurons die.
Strokes are serious and can be life-threatening.
Can cause paralysis or aphasia (loss of speech)
Symptoms and Links to Strokes
Symptoms
• Difficult speaking or understanding speech
• Weakness or sudden numbness on one side of the body
• Visual disturbances like dimness or loss of vision
• Vague confusion
• Severe headaches
• Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or sudden falls
Links
• High blood pressure
• Cigarette smoking
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S
• 700,000 suffer from stroke each year
• 160,000 deaths result from strokes
Brain Disorders
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Alzheimer’s Disease
4th leading cause of death
Irreversible, no cure
Progressive loss of mental function (gradual
memory loss, personality changes, loss of social
contacts, mild depression, impulsive decisions,
difficulty with language and emotions, struggles
with all aspects of life such as bathing, eating)
Usually occurs in late 50’s or 60’s
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Autism
Developmental disorder which is usually
diagnosed before the age of three.
Usually uncommunicative (no speech, no gestures
or facial expressions)
Limited social interactions (no eye contact,
hypersensitive to sound, mood swings, don’t like to
be touched)
Enjoy repetitive motions (spinning, running water,
routine)
MRI- smaller cerebellum and lobes of cerebrum are
larger
Schizophrenia- mental illness
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1 in 100 people are affected
Most common mental illness
Men and women are affected equally (usually in mid to late 20’s)
Cannot tell real life from the imaginary
Symptoms
Delusions (bizarre false beliefs)
Hallucinations (bizarre unreal perceptions of the environment)
Disorganized speech (change subject midway through)
Catatonia (immobile, fixed in a single position for a long time)
Negative results- social withdrawal, absence of emotion, reduced energy, poor hygiene
Causes of Schizophrenia
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Brain Structure- Brain’s lateral ventricles are larger than normal. This area contains
cerebrospinal fluid.
Genetic- 10% chance if immediate family member has the disease.
It’s a life-long disease without a cure but it can be controlled with drug therapy.
Anti-psychotic drugs must be
taken in order for individual’s
to function normally in society.
Higher suicide rate among
schizophrenics.
Traumatic Brain Injuries
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Occurs when the head has been struck with
force
The brain is compressed, twisted and distorted
inside the skull
Injured person may remain unconscious for
hours, days and even weeks.
They may not be able to recall injury due to the
damage made to the brain tissue that controls
learning and establishes new injuries.
It may take weeks and months for the brain to
recover from a brain injury.
Many traumatic brain injuries result in fatalities.
TBI and Fatalities
Firearms
Vehicle
Other
Falls
Traumatic Brain Injuries
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1.5 million people in the U.S. suffer each year
50,000 Americans die each year.
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85,000 Americans suffer from a long-term disability
5.3 million Americans live with severe disabilities resulting from TBI.
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Types of TBI’s
Open Head- gunshot wound, penetrates skull
Closed Head- results from falls, motor vehicle accidents
Deceleration- the slamming of the brain against the rigid skull. This causes the axons to stretch and
possibly torn.
Other Brain Injuries
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Chemical-occurs when harmful chemicals damage neurons. (i.e. carbon monoxide,
pesticides, lead poisoning)
Hypoxia- occurs when lack of oxygen or no oxygen get to the brain (i.e. heart attack,
respiratory failure). It can occur after only a few minutes.
Tumor- the amount of space that a tumor takes up can directly harm the brain (cancer and
surgical removal of brain tumors).
Infections- blood-borne bacteria and viruses infections that invade the brain can also
cause brain injuries (i.e. encephalitis, meningitis)
Keep Your Brain Healthy
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Wear Seat Belt- They protect your head and brain from injuries. Did you know that car accidents cause 37-50%
of all brain injuries?
Wear Helmet- Be sure to wear a helmet while you are riding a bike, skateboarding, skiing, or participating in any
open air activity. Head injury is the most common cause of death in bicycle crashes—62% of all bicycle deaths.
Stay away from illegal drug- Drugs alter the brain’s function. Some drugs may change the brain function
permanently.
Know the risks involved in sports- Each year, 300,000 brain concussions occur during sport activities. Always
wear safety equipment properly and be in good physical condition for your sport.
Do not Dive!- 1,000 spinal cord injuries each year occur in the U.S. by diving in swimming pools or in shallow
bodies of water with hidden large rocks or other objects.
Keep Your Brain Healthy
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Look both ways before crossing the street- Many brain injuries occur when helmets aren’t necessary.
Stay away from guns- In 2002, 30,242 deaths were caused by firearms.
Make sure you have a “good” surface around the playground equipment- In the past (1983-1987) 66.5% of
school playground-related injuries involved the head and neck.
Eat Right!- Your brain needs energy to work at its best.
Dispose of chemicals properly- Pesticides, cleaners, etc. contain neurotoxins that can kill nerve cells and damage
nerves. Dispose of unused toxins properly. In the US, 52,000 deaths are caused by TBI each year.
Brain’s Natural Defenses
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Skull- the human cranium consists of eight bones.
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Foramen magnum- hole where the medulla ends
Smaller holes- where nerves and blood vessels enter and exit the brain.
Brain’s Natural Defenses
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- a clear, colorless fluid that bathes the entire surface of central
nervous system. CSF is contained within a system of fluid-filled cavities called ventricles.
• Surrounds the
brain in the space
between the brain and
meninges.
• Cushions the brain.
• Brain weighs less
because it is
supported
by the fluid.
Brain’s Natural Defenses
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Meninges- the three special coverings below the skull.
Outer layer is called the dura mater.
Second layer is called the arachnoid layer.
The layer closest to the brain is called the pia mater.
Brain Sudoku– Top Brains
Each column and 3x3 grid should include TOP BRAINS
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