Transcript B6 Revision maps - Blackpool Aspire Academy

B6 Brain and Mind – Summary Sheet (1)
A. What is behaviour?
B. Simple reflexes in humans
Behaviour is anything an animal does to respond to changes in its surroundings
and is important for its survival e.g. woodlice move away from light to stop
them from dehydrating.
response
Everything an organism does – its
response to all the stimuli around it.
involuntary
Action that is caused by a stimulus
behaviour
An automatic response made by the
body without conscious thought.
stimulus
An automatic response made by an
animal to a stimulus
simple reflex
A change in the environment
that causes a response.
Babies have newborn ______________ ( e.g. grasping, sucking, startle,
swimming) that are only present for a short period of time after birth and
are replaced by ______________ learned from _________________ . If a
newborn reflex is missing at birth, it may mean that the baby’s
_______________ system is not developing properly. Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS) or cot death may be because a baby’s _____________
reflexes have not _____________ properly.
Word bank:
behaviours matured
nervous
simple
experiences
reflexes
C. Your nervous system – coordinates your behaviour and reflexes.
Nerve impulses are passed along the nervous system in a pathway
called the reflex arc.
Brain
Spinal
cord
Nerves are bundles of specialised cells
called neurons.
2.
1.
(detect external stimuli)
Nerves branch
off the central
nervous system
to all parts of
the body
3.
4.
The peripheral
nervous system
links the brain
and spinal cord
with the rest of
the body.
5.
(muscles or glands)
Word bank:
synapse, motor neuron, sensory neuron, receptor, effector
Motor Neuron
Word bank:
cell body, axon, fatty sheath, branched ends
B6 Brain and Mind – Summary Sheet (2)
D. Synapses – neurons do not touch each other, so nerve impulses must
be passed across tiny gaps called synapses. Impulses cannot jump across
synapses, so natural chemicals are used to pass an impulse from one
neuron to the next. Some drugs interfere with nerve impulses.
1
2
3
6
The gap is 20
nanometres
(nm) wide
5
E. The Brain – Complex behaviours need to be controlled by larger
brains, which allow you to learn from ____________ . Scientists who
study the brain are called _________________ . They have discovered
that different _________ of the brain are responsible for different
functions e.g. speech, taste, smell, movement. The brain is made of
billions of ___________ . When you are awake you are aware of
yourself, this is called ___________________ . The part of your brain
where this happens is called the _________ _____________ .
cerebral cortex – initiates actions
4
cerebellum – fine tunes muscle control
1. A small unit of measurement (nm) (10)
2. The chemical released by brain synapses, giving you feelings of pleasure (9)
3. The common name for the drug MDMA – a drug that may cause feelings of pleasure, but
can have harmful effects (7).
4. Released from sensory neurons (9)
5. Gaps between sensory neurons + motor neurons (8)
6. The name of an antidepressant drug (6)
F. Learned behaviour – learning to link a new stimulus with a reflex
action allows animals to change their behaviour. This is called a
conditioned reflex.
5.
The stimulus of hearing the bell
becomes linked with food.
Ring a bell whilst the dog is eating
After a while the dog will salivate
when it hears a bell, even if there is
no food around.
1.
The dog salivates when it is given food
The food is the stimulus + salivation is
the response
brainstem – co-ordinates reflexes
Word bank:
cerebral cortex, regions, neuroscientists, neurons, consciousness, experience
G. Human Learning
1. How are the neurons in your brain connected?
……………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………....
2. How can you make new neuron pathways? (clue: babies develop new neuron
pathways very quickly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
3. How can you strengthen new neuron pathways? (clue: what do you do to
get better at something?)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Keywords : new experiences, neurons, pathways, repetition
H. What is memory? – your ability to store + retrieve information.
2. ________________________
1. _____________________
3. ____________________
Word bank:
rehearsal
long-term
short-term