Transcript The Skeletal System

Skeletal System
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The Skeletal System
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Three Functions
Support
 Protection
 Movement
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The Skeletal System II
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Consists of fluid held under pressure in a
closed body compartment
Cnidarians
 Flatworms
 Earthworms
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Move by using muscles to change the shape
of the fluid filled compartments
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Skeletal System III
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Exoskeletons
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Hard encasement deposited on the surface of
an animal
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Mollusks
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Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
 Snails
 Oysters
 Slugs
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Skeletal System IV
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Endoskeltons
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Consists of hard supporting elements, such as bones, buried
within soft tissues of an animal.
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Humans
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Axial Skeleton
 Skull
 8 cranial bones
 14 facial bones
 Vertebral column (backbone)
 Rib cage
 7 pairs of true ribs
 3 pirs of false ribs
 2 pairs of floating ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
 Limb bones
 Pelvic girdles
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Muscular System
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QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Tuesday, July 21, 2015
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Muscular System I
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Responsible for animal movement
Three types of muscle
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Skeletal muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Attached to bones and causes movement of the body
Responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart
Smooth Muscle
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Lines the walls of hollow organs
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Lines the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract
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Muscle System II
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Skeletal Muscle
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Thin filaments
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Contain globular protein actin arranged in a double helix
Thick filaments
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Contain filamentous protein myosin
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Both are parallel and arranged side by side
Contraction of muscle tissue
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Sliding-filament model
Moves with the use of ATP
ATP can come creatine phosphate
Able to generate enough ATP to keep muscles contracted for
about 15 seconds
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Nervous System
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Nervous System I
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Three Functions
Sensory Input
 Integration
 Sensory Output
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Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord (in vertebrates)
 Carries out the body’s responses to stimuli
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Communication of one neuron to another
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Nervous System Basics
Nerves I
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Neurons
Basic functional units of the human nervous
system
 Three structures and functions
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Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Receives stimuli from environment
 Transmits impulses from skin and other
sensory organs towards the CNS
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Ears; eyes; nose; tongue
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Nerves II
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Interneurons
Interprets impulses brought by sensory
neurons
 Submits “commands” to the motor neurons
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Leads back to effector organs
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
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Transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors
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Target cells that produce some kind of response
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Muscles
Glands
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Nerves III
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Neurons
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Cell that transmits nerve impulses
Cell body
 Dendrite
 Axon
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Glia Cells
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Support and protect the neurons
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Central Nervous System I
Brain
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Cerebrum
Contains center for learned behavior
 Center for thought, memory and reasoning
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Cerebellum
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Controls balance & muscular activities
Medulla
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Controls involuntary functions
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Heartbeat; breathing; blood pressure
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Central Nervous System II
Spinal Cord
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Reflex
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Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus
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Most are spinal
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They only travel through the spinal cord and not the brain
The Reflex Arc
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Pathway traveled by nerve impulses during a
reflex
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Peripheral Nervous System I
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All nerves of all types that branch through
the body from the CNS
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Consist of all nerves outside of the brain and
spinal cord
Has two divisions
Somatic
 Autonomic
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Peripheral Nervous System II
Somatic
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Consists of motor neurons that stimulate
skeletal muscles
Control actions at voluntary skeletal
muscles
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Peripheral Nervous System III
Autonomic
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Motor neurons that control the activities of
Organs
 Glands
 Various involuntary muscles
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Cardiac and smooth muscle
Two parts
Sympathetic Nervous System
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System I
Sympathetic
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Prepare the body for action
Prepare body for situations requiring
alertness or strength or situations that
arouse fear anger, excitement or
embarrassment (fight or flight)
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Responses that serve to fight of or retreat
from danger
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Autonomic Nervous System II
Parasympathetic
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Activates “calm” functions
Stimulates the processes of digestion,
urination and defecation
Reduces blood pressure, heart and
respiratory rates
Conserves energy through relaxation and
rest
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QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Tuesday, July 21, 2015
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QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Diseases
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Excretion
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Kidney Failure
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Physical trauma; chemical imbalance; high blood pressure
Gout
Respiratory System
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Bronchitis
Asthma
Emphysema
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Homework Assignment
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Distinguish the parts of the brain and their
functions
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