Transcript Document

Anatomy Review
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Central Nervous System
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Meninges
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Bacterial Meningitis
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1. Neisseria meningitidis
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15% mortality due to Rx delays
Infants, young adults
Fatigue, overcrowding
Death due to ___________ shock
Treatment:
Vaccine does not cover all strains
2. Hemophilus influenzae
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Commonest cause of meningitis prior to vaccine development
H. influenzae type B (Hib)
30-50% carrier rate in children
Fatal without treatment
• Seizures, mental retardation common in survivors
• Largest cause of mental retardation in U.S.A. and world-wide
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Meningitis (cont.)
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3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Commonest adult cause of bacterial meningitis
– Spreads from other sites
– 40% mortality rate
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Viral Meningitis
– Self limiting, non-fatal
– Enterovirus and mumps virus most common
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Rabies
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_______________ inclusions seen in brain
Re-emerging in U.S.A. with ______ as carriers
Fatal encephalitis
20-60 day incubation
Virus travels to CNS slowly and replicates slowly
Agitation, confusion, hallucinations
Death within days of ______ symptoms
_______________ seen as throat muscles are
infected and spasm
Vaccination can be used to “cure”
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Bacterial Nerve Diseases
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Tetanus
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Anaerobic, endospore
former
Found in soil, manure
Vaccine is available (10 yr)
___________ wounds
_____________ paralysis,
respiratory failure
Antitoxin and antibiotics
for treatment
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Botulism
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___________ paralysis,
respiratory failure
Botulotoxin in
contaminated canned
goods (honey fed to
infants)
Wounds may rarely be
infected
Antitoxin (Ab) will
neutralize preformed toxin
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Viral Nerve Diseases — Poliomyelitis
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Poliovirus (____________)
– Affinity for CNS motor neurons
– Fever, back pain, muscle spasms
– Young/old may suffer permanent
paralysis
– Virus is excreted in human feces,
problem in developing nations
– Vaccines are available
– Eradication target year – soon!
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