Transcript Nurology & Angiology Chapter 4

Neurology & Angiology
Chapter 4
Vickie Mickey
Neurology
• The study of nerves
• Nervous System – a network of
interconnected cells called neurons
• Neurons – maintain chemical balance of
the body
• Provide the brain with information about
the condition of the body
• Control muscular activities
Two Major Divisions of Nervous
System
• The cerebral spinal system (CNS) –
consists of the brain and spinal cord
• CNS acts as the command center of the
body
• Integrating sensory to issues instructions
to the body
• Located in the dorsal body cavity
Cerebro-spinal
• Central nervous system
• Communication network that controls
voluntary activity and is comprised of:
• 1. Parts of brain controlling mental activity
• 2. Nerves control voluntary skeletal
muscles
• 3. Receptors of the body surface which
provide 5 senses.
5 Body Senses
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Seeing
Hearing
Smelling
Feeling
Tasting
Autonomic Systems
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3 Subdivisions
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric – controls involuntary activities
1. Change sub beats and volume of heart
2. Expansion/contraction of blood vessels
3. Depth & rhythm of lung expansion
4. Production rate of visceral organs
a. Spleen
b. kidneys
c. intestines
Origination of Nerves
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• The brain & spinal cord make up the
central nervous system
• Ganglia (nerve center) – tissue mass of
nerve cell bodies
Two Major Groups of Ganglia
• Dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia)
contains the cell bodies of sensory
(afferent) nerves
• Autonomic ganglia contains the cell bodies
of autonomic nerves
• Ganglion refers to the peripheral nervous
system
Nerve Endings
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Occur in the muscles of body
Visceral organs
Skin
Surrounding hair follicles
Nerve Cells
• Properties of irritability – response to
stimulation
• Conductivity – ability to carry impulses.
• Heat, massage, electricity or chemicals
will stimulate a nerve to greater activity
Structure of Neuron
• Neuron is a complex cell
• Cytoplasm surround the nucleus
• Nissl substance is scattered in the
cytoplasm
• Nissl substance stores energy for
conveying messages
• Loss of nissl substances results in fatigue,
certain fevers, asphyxia and injury of axon
Processes of Cell Body
• Dendrites – branch from cell body in a
tree-like manner
• Number varies from cell to cell
• Short & thick
• Axons – extremely long, up to half the
length of body
• Sciatic nerve is longest
• Trochlear nerve (near eye) is the shortest
Afferent & Efferent
• Nerron receive impulses from neighboring
neuron cells and convey them to others
• Transmission is normally in one direction
• Afferent (sensory) nerves carry impulses
to nerve center, tell body what’s going on
• Efferent (motor) nerves carry impulses
from nerve center to muscles, tell brain to
tell body what to do
Tiny Batteries
• Neurons are separate tiny batteries
• Neurons are excited by discharge of
previous cell, thus discharging some of it’s
own electro-chemical energy
• Charge is passed at point where terminals
of the axon one point of juncture is called
the synapse
Nerve Ending of Skin
• Skin is reach in sensory nerves
• Each served by a nerve of the cerebrospinal system
• Fine fibrils extend upward into malpighian
layer of the epidermis
• Sensory receptors of the skin sense cold,
heat, touch, pressure and pain
• Fibers often overlap like branches of a
trees planted to close
Nerves of the Skin
• Certain points of the body are very
sensitive
• Nerve overlapping can produce “double”
intensity
• Where would there be extreme feeling on
the body when doing electrolysis?
Nerves of the Skin
• Centerline of face, chest and back are
highly sensitive due to overlapping of
nerves
• Just below the sebaceous glands is a
mesh of nerves that penetrate the
connective tissue sheath, the only part of
the follicle that has a nerve connection
• Certain animals associate hair with nerve
structure to sense or feel
Nerves of the Skin
• Human hair has little sensory
• Certain human follicle have no nerves
• Cats use whiskers to determine if
openings can accommodate the entire
body
• Sense organs of the skin are: organs of
Krause (cold), Ruffini’s (warmth),
Meissners corpuscles & Merkel’s discs
(touch), Pancinian corpuscles (deep
pressure)
Nerves of the Skin
• Pain receptors of the skin are located in
epidermis
• Nerve ending of the follicle do not extend
into the lower portion
• Electrologist have an advantage of
working deep in the follicle to emit more
current before the nerves respond
• This allows for little discomfort
Pain
• Pain is the electrologist’s greatest concern
• Laser companies have referred to
electrolysis as “Painful!”
• Pain is an important factor to the
electrologist as well as the laser tech!
• Why?
• Pain indicates electrical intensity within the
skin
Pain
• Pain during laser treatment may also
indicate over treatment
• Pain level in both modalities should be
kept at a minimum
• Pain is a sensation that denotes intense
reaction to withdraw from the stimulation
• Pain sensations vary widely in intensity
Pain
• Nerve fibrils are activated within the skin
from impulses sent from the frequency and
number of impulses sent along the
communication link
• A minor prick will activate fibrils with a mild
sensation
• A burn will stimulate a broad area of fibrils
to maximum frequency producing a major
sensation
Pain
• Intense pain is marked as uncomfortable
with two distinguishing qualities:
a. sharp prickling pain is localized
b. burning pain is diffused, lingers longer
Double sensation is response to two types
of fibrils conducting quickly and slowly
The hair removal specialist may experience
patients that experience delayed sensation
Pain Threshold
• The working point for the electrologist is to
remove hair at a comfortable threshold for
the patient
• Pain thresholds vary from individual to
individual
• The electrologist must be able to obtain
the working point of each person
Pain Threshold
• Threshold levels will also vary from areas
of the body that is being treated
• Never work at a point where the patient is
uncomfortable or the pain is intolerable
• Skin thickness, overlapping of nerve
ending and pain receptors all have a factor
in the pain felt
Threshold Variability
• Von Frey provides threshold data for the
electrologist
• It indicates the pain spots in different
areas of the body.
• Turn to page # 83 to review information
• What area of the thigh would be more
uncomfortable to work on with
electrolysis?
Synapses
• Point of contract between two neurons
• Thin surface layer or membrane,
separates protoplasm of cells
• Impulse that passes through neuron must
bridge across the synapse to stimulate an
impulse
• Synapse can speed up or slow responses
depending on influence
Tired Synapses
• Repeating messages to synapses can tire
response
• Frequency is a factor in the intensity of
pain
• Continued stimulation of pain receptors
tends to raise pain threshold of the nerves
served
Synapse Fatigue
• Treat in small areas to reduce pain during
electrolysis
• Work in an area of the size of a quarter
before moving to another area
• Conscious focus – if individual cannot
focus on pain they may not feel it
• Distraction aids the electrologist to divert
pain – talking helps
Patron Psychology
• Electrologist ability to distract and insure a
comfortable treatment will afford success
• Faith & Confidence in the electrologist
lowers the apprehension
• Act professional never nervous or jumpy
• Keep room well organized to benefit
treatment
• Conversation will keep mind off treatment
however not everyone needs talk
Local Anesthesia
• State Laws restrict any type of anesthetic
unless applied to the skin
• Benzocaine™ Xylocaine™ and other
drugs from the “caine” work well when
allied to the mucous membrane
• HurriCane™ (20% Benzocaine) can be
applied via a q-tip to the mucous
membrane prior to treatment on lip
• Dermine ™ can be applied prior to
treatment
Local Anesthesia
• Apply Dermine™ with cotton ball on skin
surface only
• Patients can purchase LMX 5® prior to
treatment, apply at home up to one hour
prior to treatments
• Local anesthesia for nerve blocks by
dentist for upper lip works well – don’t over
treat area because they are numb!!!
Local Anesthesia
• Legal responsibility can be an issue!
• Check with insurance policy prior to using
blocks to see if you are covered
• Check all patient charts prior to any
application of topical anesthesia to make
sure the are not allergic
Depressing the CNS
• Drugs that suppress the CNS are great if
taken in advance of treatment
• Never give patient any type of medication
unless order by physician on staff
• Caution patients that one week prior to
menstrual period they will be more
sensitive to electrolysis and may produce
more hair at this time
Confuse Nervous System
• Two signals confuse the brain
• Divert pain by pressure, touch, cold (ice)
or air
Angiology
• Angiology – branch of anatomy that treats
arteries, veins, lymphatic's
• Primary function is to distribute body fluids
to all cells to maintain state of equilibrium
called hemeostasis
• Two distinct systems: blood-vascular
system and lymphatic system
Blood-vascular System
• Consists of the heart, arteries, veins,
capillaries
• Pulmonary circulation runs between the
heart and lungs delivering fresh oxygen
into the blood
• 23 seconds complete a complete blood
cycle
• Heart muscle beats 70-75 times a minute
Blood-vascular System
• Blood exchange occurs between the upper
two chambers, the atriums, and the lower
two chambers (ventricles)
• Blood is transferred to the pulmonary
system, collecting oxygen and re-enters
the heart to be reintroduced into the
general circulation system
Lympathic System
• Lymph glands and lympathics compose
the system
Function & Structure of Blood
• Blood flow is outward from the heart
through arteries, it enters smaller and
smaller arteries
• Blood then enters the capillaries to nourish
cells, collect waste
• Arterial blood is bright red – contains
oxygen
• Capillaries are fine tubes with thin walls
Function & Structure of the
Blood
• Once the blood has delivered the nutrients
and oxygen to the cells, venous or impure
blood is returns to the heart via venules
which in turn empty in veins that delivers
dark blood containing carbon dioxide
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins return it to the heart –(in venus flow)
Blood
• Blood contains cells or corpuscles
• Plasma – milky white fluid formed by
digestion of food
• 1/16th of body is blood
• ½ of all body is within the skin
Blood
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Derived from lymph
90% water
Yellowish in color
Constitutes 2/3’s of the blood
Red corpuscles (erythrocytes) are given
the red hue by conjugated protein called
hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin chemically combines with
oxygen
Blood
• Oxygen is obtained from the lungs, and
given up in the tissues
• Red bone marrow of bones manufactures
red corpuscles
• 1 cubic millimeter of blood contains five
million red corpuscles
• White cell (leukocytes) active protectors
against infection & disease
Blood
• White cells also destroy foreign bodies
that enter the blood stream
• Platelets are corpuscles, irregular in shape
and lack color, aid in clotting blood
• Most important function of blood:
a. supplying nourishment
b. distribution of oxygen
c. waste removal
Blood
• Function cont.
d. distribution of heat
e. protection of body from bacteria &
infection
f. clot formation after injury
g. maintenance of body temperature
Capillaries in Skin
• Dermis contains large supply of blood
vessels
• Arteries enter the skin forming a plexus of
capillary vessels which lies in the dermis
and subcutis
• Major plexus that serves entire tegument
branches of to serve organs of skin
• Well developed around sweat glands,
sebaceous glands, and upper hair follicle
Capillaries of Skin
• Extending down from the major plexus are
branches that supply the hair follicle
through the papilla
• Needles can pierce or burn the capillary
affiliated with the follicle
• Blood may appear at opening of follicle as
a “ micro-hemorrhage”
• A bruise can result from the needle pierce
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Capillaries of the Skin
• Development of lymph (plasma) on the
skin surface can be a result of needle
destruction of the capillary wall
• Honey color crusts will appear on the skin
surface
• Every common in body treatments
• The crust will drop off the skin as it heals
and the skin will be clear (1-4 weeks)
Skin Infections
• Treating a small area over and over can
result in tissue damage – space hair
removal out
• Infections can result of the over treatment
• Burns can result
• Keep skin surface clean and free of
contamination
Capillaries of the Skin
• Red scabs will appear from overtreatment
• Patient should be advised not to dislodge
scab
• Pitting can occur should the scab be
dislodged or picked
Treatment of Burn
• Do not apply hot compresses of a burn or
over treated area!
• Ice applied on and off for up to 72 hours
will aid in healing
• Follow up with patient should a burn or
over treatment occur
• Advise patient to seek medical help
• Pay for medical bill/ advise insurance
company
Diabetic
• May heal slowly
• Remove a few hairs on consultation