Transcript Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401

Basal Ganglia
NBIO 401 – Friday November 1, 2013
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Objectives:
-Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and
their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule,
and thalamus.
-Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are
connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other.
-Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways
through the basal ganglia on movement.
-Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct
and indirect pathways.
-Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb
movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral
cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and
emotional systems.
- Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are
involved.
Basal Ganglia
Position in the Brain
Striatum
= Caudate & Putamen
Substantia Nigra
Pars Reticulata
(like GPi)
Input Nuclei
(caudate, putamen)
Intermediate Nuclei
(external globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus)
Output Nuclei
(internal globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata)
Pars Compacta
(dopamine source)
Basal Ganglia
Functional
Organization
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Subthalamic
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Indirect Pathway
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
Globus
pallidus
external
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Subthalamic
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Indirect Pathway
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
Globus
pallidus
external
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Subthalamic
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Indirect Pathway
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
Globus
pallidus
external
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Direct Pathway: Increases motor output
Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Dopamine increases direct pathway activity
Dopamine decreases indirect pathway activity
Basal Ganglia
Diseases
Parkinson’s Disease
Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
X
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Dopamine increases direct pathway activity
Dopamine decreases indirect pathway activity
Parkinson’s Disease Caused By SNc Damage
Cortex
dopamine
dopamine
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Motor Cortex
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both
direct and indirect pathways.
Parkinson’s disease
Healthy / L-DOPA treatment
Parkinson’s Disease
Healthy / L-DOPA treatment
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's Disease Gait
Parkinson’s Disease Caused By SNc Damage
Cortex
dopamine
dopamine
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Motor Cortex
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both
direct and indirect pathways.
Pallidotomy
Lehman et al, Acta Neurochir (2000) 142-319
Parkinson’s Disease Caused SNc Damage
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Indirect Pathway
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Globus
pallidus
Internal
&
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Basal
Ganglia
Direct Pathway
D2
(decreases inhibition of thalamus)
(increases inhibition of thalamus)
Striatum
Thalamus
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both
direct and indirect pathways.
Cortex
Motor Cortex
Striatum
Basal Ganglia
D2
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Thalamus
Globus
pallidus
internal/
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Huntington’s Disease
Preferential degeneration of neurons in D2
expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum
that are the start of the indirect pathway.
Huntington’s Disease
Cortex
Motor Cortex
X
Basal Ganglia
D2
Striatum
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Globus
pallidus
external
Subthalamic
nucleus
D1
Thalamus
Globus
pallidus
internal/
substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Huntington’s Disease
Preferential degeneration of indirect pathway
Huntington’s disease
Degeneration of MSNs in Striatum
(Indirect pathway MSNs die first)
Basal Ganglia Other
Loops & Learning
Striatum mediates associative learning (pairing one thing with another, stimulusresponse, reward, etc.) and procedural learning (motor patterns, development of
habits and skills), but not spatial learning (absolute location, mental maps of
space) which is mediated by the hippocampus (along with declarative memory).
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