Transcript WARM UP 3/4 - KENYON'S CLASS

WARM UP 3/6, 3/6
TAKE A DITTO OFF THE
FRONT DESK
DOUBLE
1. From notes: Where is the myelin sheath?
2. From notes: What does it do?
3. Label on your warm up paper “NEURON DISORDERS”
For each of the 4 diseases
a. Name of disease
b. What causes it
c. What it does to the nerves
d. symptoms
d. One other fact
HEAVY METAL POISONING
b.
c.
d.
e.
Chronic exposure to heavy metals (lead,
mercury)
Demyelination and glia cell damage
Affects physical and mental function
FACT
DIPTHERIA
b.
c.
d.
e.
Bacteria infection of the respiratory tract
Damages schwann cells and destroys the
myelin sheath
Sensory and motor problems; fatal
paralysis; heart problems
FACT
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
b.
c.
d.
e.
Genetic disease
Recurrent incidents of demyelination
affecting axons of the optic nerve, brain,
and spinal cord
Vision/ speech, balance, coordination
problems
FACT
GUILLAIN-BARRE
SYNDROME
b.
c.
d.
e.
Viral infection/ malfunction of immune
system
Demyelination
Weakness of muscles
FACT
WARM UP 3/9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What do afferent neurons do?
What cells help destroy microbes for the nervous
system?
What does the oliodendroglia do?
What is a protective layer on the axon called?
What are the ends of dendrites called?
What are spaces between schwann cells called?
What type of neuron sends messages to the
muscles or glands?
NOTES Ch 10 3/9
Neuron physiology
SYNAPSE – gap between neurons (junction)
VESSICLES – sacs containing neurotransmitters
NEUROTRANSMITTER – chemical that brings
message across the synapse
*they can excite – speed messages up
or inhibit – slow messages down
EX: Ach , Dopamine, GABA, Norepinepherine,
Serotonin
RESTING POTENTIAL – when a neuron is
not conducting impulses
Membrane is –70mV (negative inside)
CHOLINESTERASE –
breaks down Ach to stop
the impulse
1. Something will stimulate a receptor in the
body:
EX: light, sound, pressure, taste, cold, hot….
2. Impulse reaches axon end
3. Neurotransmitter in vesicles released from
synaptic knobs
4.
NT travels across synapse
5. Attaches to receptors on dendrite of next
neuron
6. Na+ rushes in – makes cell positive –
DEPOLARIZATION
7.Action potential moves down neuron (leaps
if myelinated)
The action potential travels along the entire
neuron
When it reaches the axon end of the
neuron, message goes to next neuron by
doing steps 3-7
Continues until reaches a muscle, gland, or
the brain
To stop impulse at synapse:
1. Enzymes can destroys NT
2. NT back to vesicles (uptake)
When NT gone, Na+ goes out - cell becomes
negative again - REPOLARIZATION
LABELING
LABELING
8.
9.
Resting neuron (-70mV)
DEPOLARIZATION
Na+ rushes in and makes
cell positive – creates an
action potential
(electrical current)
10. REPOLARIZATION
Na+ rushes out and
neuron becomes
negative again
11.
12.
13.
14.
Resting potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Action potential
Chemicals can affect the
movement across the synapse
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Stop creation of NT
Block NT from leaving vesicles
Bind to receptors in place of NT
Prevent Na+ from starting an AP
Prevent NT from uptake
Empty NT from vesicles
Have neuron become too negative
NEUROTOXINS
Made by animals for protection
 Blocks many different receptors

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
NIOROCSP
EXTRA CREDIT
ROACB
BAMAM
Unscramble the words of
10 common poisonous
PAWS
animals that produce a
KESTANLTRE
toxin that affects the
nervous system.
CLABK DWOIW
LUTARTAAN
WRORA GFOR
YOHEN EBE
FLYEJLSIH
**ASE MONAENE
DRUGS
ANOTHER EC!
1.
2.
STIMULANT
DEPRESSANT
HALLUCIGEN
NARCOTIC
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
PCP
Marijuana
Nicotine
Alcohol
Ecstasy
Caffeine
Inhalants
Heroin
Morphine
valium
Depressants
They slow down the amount of Na+
entering the neuron
EX: Alcohol, valium, inhalants,
barbituites, rohypnol
Many inhalants are thought to dissolve the protective myelin
sheath that surrounds neurons in brain cells - resulting in cell
death
•Slowed down messages from the brain to muscle impair
our reflexes, reduce reaction time and impair our
coordination, and our ability to drive is impaired.
•Slurring of speech, stumbling when you walk, loss of
balance.
•Hand-eye coordination is reduced.
•Thought and judgment are impaired because messages
between the neurons in the brain are slowed down.
Rohypnol, “Roofies” is a
very potent tranquilizer
similar in nature to valium,
but many times stronger.
The drug produces a
sedative effect, amnesia,
muscle relaxation, and a
slowing of psychomotor
responses. Sedation occurs
20-30 minutes after
administration and lasts for
several hours.
It is commonly reported that persons who become
intoxicated on a combination of alcohol and
rohypnol have "blackouts" lasting eight to twentyfour hours following ingestion.
Adverse effects of Rohypnol use include, decreased
blood pressure, memory impairment, drowsiness,
visual disturbances, dizziness, confusion,
gastrointestinal disturbances and urinary retention.
Withdrawal symptoms include headache, muscle
pain, confusion, hallucinations and convulsions.
Seizures may occur up to a week after use.
Known as the “date rape” drug – it is often
slipped into a drink by an attacker. The drug has
no taste or odor so the victims don't realize what
is happening. About ten minutes after ingesting
the drug, the woman may feel dizzy and
disoriented, simultaneously too hot and too cold,
or nauseated. She may experience difficulty
speaking and moving, and then pass out. Such
victims have no memories of what happened
while under the drug's influence.
•Be wary about accepting drinks from anyone
you don't know well or long enough to trust. ·
If you are accepting a drink, make sure it's
from an unopened container and that you
open it yourself.
•Don't put your drink down and leave it
unattended, even to go to the restroom.
NEW TEST FOR THIS DRUG
The strips were created by a person whose friend was a victim
of a date-rape drug. They are easy to use. A drink straw can
drip a few drops of a drink on the test strip. If the liquid turns
blue, toss the drink.
Other products in the range include a drinks coaster, designed
with two areas that test for traces of date rape drugs. A drop of
tainted liquid on the coaster will change the color of the
cardboard.
In the United States, the strips are available online at
www.drinksafetech.com for 40 cents each.
NARCOTICS
They attach to receptors and block NTs from binding
(especially at pain receptors); can also make
neuron too negative so longer for AP to start
EX: opium, codeine, anethestics, morphine, heroin,
demerol
Effects are similar to depressants and they have
other effects that depressants do not have, which
would include:
•Pain relief
•Suppress cough reaction
Stimulants
They can increase release of NT and disrupt
the clearing of NT in the synapse
EX: Cocaine, Nicotine, Caffeine, Ritalin
•Desired effects would include a sense of well
being or euphoria, or an enhanced ability to
think and function.
•Other effects include anxiety, paranoia,
increased heart rate, increased blood
pressure, reduced appetite, restlessness,
insomnia, and a feeling of being “shaky.”
NICOTINE
Increase release of Ach (heightened activity –
“wake up feeling)
Releases endorphins (natural pain killers)
Hallucinogens
Many mimic NTs
EX: LSD, PCP, Mushrooms, Marijuana
MDMA (ecstasy)
•Distorts messages within the brain, and this can be felt as
a distortion in perception.
•Can cause hallucinations.
•Milder hallucinogens are experienced as an enhancement
of the senses: more sensitive to touch, pain can be
magnified, music sounds better, hearing is altered, vision
can be enhanced or blurred.
•Our perception of time can be affected.
•Thought processes are affected: poor short term memory,
alternating inability to focus and enhanced ability to focus,
reduced ability to learn
•Other effects would include increased blood pressure,
increased heart rate, and increased appetite.
ecstasy
It can cause a sharp increase in body temperature leading
to muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular
system failure.
Brain imaging research in humans indicates that MDMA
causes injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use
the chemical serotonin to communicate with other
neurons. The serotonin system plays a direct role in
regulating mood, aggression, sleep, and sensitivity to
pain. Many of the risks users face with MDMA use are
similar to those found with the use of cocaine

Psychological difficulties, including confusion,
depression, sleep problems, drug craving,
severe anxiety, and paranoia - during and
sometimes weeks after taking MDMA.

Physical symptoms such as muscle tension,
involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred
vision, rapid eye movement, faintness, and
chills or sweating.

Increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a
special risk for people with circulatory or heart
disease.
Research
links MDMA use to long-term
damage to those parts of the brain critical
to thought and memory. One study, in
primates, showed that exposure to
MDMA for 4 days caused brain damage
that was evident 6 to 7 years later.
12- 18 months later
Marijuana
THC in marijuana mimics neurotransmitters
and fits into receptor sites in the brain and
stimulates those neurons
When they copy the effects of the
neurotransmitters, they are able to alter
regular brain functions in these locations
like memory and coordination. This
explains why when you are high, you are
disoriented and dizzy.
Chronic marijuana smokers are prey to chest
colds, bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial
asthma. Persistent use will damage lungs and
airways and raise the risk of cancer. And there is
evidence that marijuana may limit the ability of
the immune system to fight infection and disease.
Marijuana also affects hormones. Regular use
can delay the onset of puberty in young men and
reduce sperm production. For women, regular
use may disrupt normal monthly menstrual cycles
and inhibit ovulation.
NERVE AGENTS
•Chemical
•Read
warfare used in wars
article about nerve agents and
answer the questions : separate sheet