Transcript US During WWII

The United States during
World War II
How did the Second World War
affect life in the United States?
Man the Guns!
Selective Service Act (1940)

registered men (18-26) for the draft


10 million served in armed forces during war,
including women, African Americans,
Mexican Americans, Native Americans,
Chinese Americans, and homosexuals.
African Americans were forced to train in
segregated camps and serve in segregated
units (ended by Truman in 1948)
United We Win!
http://www.archives.gov/exhi
bits/powers_of_persuasion/
powers_of_persuasion_hom
e.html
Conversion to War Economy
Factories were converted for wartime
supplies and munitions

Put people to work; killed the depression
Union membership swelled



War Production Board – managed war
industries




Smith-Connally Labor Disputes Act
Office of War Mobilization (set production
priorities and controlled raw materials)
Office of Price Administration
National War Labor Board
Waste Helps the Enemy
Citizen Contributions to War Effort

Citizens contributed
to the war effort by




rationing consumer
goods
recycling materials
purchasing war
bonds
working in war
industries.
Women and the War
“We Can Do It” – Women Defense Workers





Over 200,000 served
in military (noncombat)
Number of women
workers in the United
States grew from 14
million to 19 million.
By war's end, women
made up about 35
percent of the civilian
labor force.
many women began
working in jobs that
had been previously
closed to them.
“Rosie the Riveter”
Demands for Equality





African Americans demanded that defense industries be integrated
A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters union, planned a 100,000 person march on Washington
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, authorizing Committee
on Fair Employment Practices to investigate and prevent
racial discrimination in employment.
Double V Campaign, supported by NAACP, asserted African
Americans’ demands for the rights and privileges enjoyed by all
other Americans
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded


9/10 Blacks lived below poverty line; made 39% of whites’ wages
Wartime migration made the majority of African Americans city
dwellers for first time in US history.

racism intensified in North – race riots
Demands for Equality (cont.)

Mexican Americans


Bracero program – allowed Mexican farm
workers to enter U.S.
Zoot Suit riots – Race riots in LA
(summer, 1943)
Japanese Internment



After the Japanese bombing of
Pearl Harbor, JapaneseAmericans encountered strong
hostility, prejudice, and
discrimination.
Over 100,000 Japanese
Americans living on the West
coast were rounded up and
confined to internment camps
located inland.
Executive Order 9066, signed
by Franklin D. Roosevelt on
February 19, 1942, allowed
authorized military
commanders to designate
"military areas" at their
discretion.
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)



In a 6-3 decision, the Court
sided with the government,
ruling that the exclusion order
was constitutional
But, in Ex parte Endo the
Supreme Court ruled that the
government was not permitted
to continue detaining loyal
citizens
In 1988, Ronald Reagan
signed the Civil Liberties Act
of 1988, which provided
redress of $20,000 for each
surviving detainee.
The Manhattan Project
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
June 29, 1943
SECRET
My dear Dr. Oppenheimer:
I have recently reviewed with Dr. Bush the highly important
and secret program of research, development and
manufacture with which you are familiar. I was very glad to
hear of the excellent work which is being done in a number of
places in this country under the immediate supervision of
General L.R. Groves and the general direction of the
Committee of which Dr. Bush is Chairman. The successful
solution of the problem is of the utmost importance to the
national safety, and I am confident that the work will be
completed in as short a time as possible as the result of the
wholehearted cooperation of all concerned.
The End of World War II

Europe

D-Day – June 6th, 1944


Battle of the Bulge – December, 1944



Operation Overlord, second front in Europe
Hitler’s counterattack
V-E Day – May 8, 1945
Pacific

Midway (June, 1942)



Island Hopping
Atomic Bombs



American victory over Japanese navy
Hiroshima (8/6/45)
Nagasaki (8/9/45)
Japan surrenders to Gen. MacArthur (9/2/45)
The End of World War II

American Costs

1.1 million casualties


$320 billion






National debt quintuples to $250 billion
Conferences (see handout)


300,000 dead; 800,000 injured
Casablanca (1943)
Teheran (1944)
Yalta (February 1945)
Potsdam (Summer 1945)
U.N. (1945)
Nuremburg Trials

Prosecuted Nazi war criminals