Transcript New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

Ch. 36
Origins Of World War II
Japan’s War in China
The Rape of Nanjing
Chinese Resistance
• Chinese resisted throughout the war
• China first to experience WWII horrors. • Chinese nationalists and socialists united
• Japanese invaded China using various Against the Japanese
• Coalition was weak, own agendas in place
Methods of warfare: aerial bombings,
Control of enemy territory & political contro
• Japanese feel racially superior
• Guerilla warfare by communists not very
• Raped 7000 women
Successful but garnered more Chinese suppo
• Killed 1000s of unarmed soldiers
(ex. Peasant & land reform)
• Many used as bayonet practice
• Japanese invasion of China was not suppo
Internationally.
Italian and German Aggression
Italy
• Benito Mussolini made
Promises to gain territory not
Given to them after WWI.
• Italy invaded Ethiopia,
League of Nations did nothing
• Sided with Axis power
Germany
• Broke the Treaty of Versailles
• Resented harsh terms post
WWI
• Hitler comes into power in 1933
• Internal enemies: Jews,
Communists, & liberals
• Called for remilitarization (denied
By the Treaty)
• Withdrew from League of Nations
In 1933
• Reinstated universal military service
• Entered demilitarized Rhineland
• Anschluss-integrate all Germans into
A single homeland
• Gained Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia)
Peace for Our Time
• Munich ConferencePolicy of appeasement
• Italy, France, Germany
And GB appease to Hitler
Conceding territory
• In exchange he agrees
To not expand any further
• Hitler does not keep his
Promise
• Hitler attempts to gain
Poland
• GB & France intervene
• Italy aligns w/Germany
• Russian-German Treaty
Of Nonaggression-not to
Attack each other and
Neutrality w/each other
The Total War: The World Under Fire
Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe
The Fall of France
• Blitzkrieg led many nations defeated by the
Nazis
• French sign armistice with Germans in
June
• Convince’s Mussolini that Germans’ are
Winning the war and wanted to reap the
benefits
The Battle of Britain
• Luftwaffe- the German air force
Used in attempt to defeat Britain.
• Used the “Blitz” a series of aerial
Attacks.
• British Royal Forces were able to
Stave them off
• Hitler no longer attempted to attack
Britain
The German Invasion of the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
June 22, 1941 Hitler orders to invade Soviet Union
Hungary, Finland & Romania declare war on S. U.
He breaks the Nonaggression Pact (agreement made by Stalin and Hitler
that Hitler would not invade S.U. Hitler breaks the pact and invades S.U.
• Stalin is taken by surprise
• Germans reach the gates of Moscow
• Blitzkrieg attacks are not successful in S.U. (too large)
• Soviets, Red Army, strike back Germans thanks to heavy
Industry and help from Allies
• Heavy winter also favored the Red Army.
• The Germans were unprepared for the weather
• Germans attempted to regroup and strike back but
The Soviet Army was able to barely hold them off
•
•
•
Battles in Asia and the Pacific
Pearl Harbor
• Seeing the German victories led the
Japanese to expand in the area of
Southeast Asia
• Japan began to occupy French IndoChina (Germans controlled France &
The gov’t by this point)
• U.S. responds by freezing Japanese
Assets and imposing oil embargos
• Japanese sought two choices: adhere
To the implications of the U.S. or go to
War with them
• They chose war
• Hideki Tojo-prime minister, hoped to
Destroy U.S. naval capacity by attacking
Pearl Harbor and create a Japanese defensive
Perimeter
• Hitler and Mussolini declare war on the
U.S.
• U.S. then declares war on Italy & Germany
Japanese Victories
• After Pearl Harbor Japanese continue
Their victories (Philippines, Guam, Wake
Island, Midway Island, Hong Kong, Thailand
And British Malaya)
• Japanese using the rhetoric “Asia for
Asians”
• Occupation and brutal conquest proved
Otherwise
Defeat of the Axis Powers
Allied Victory in Europe
• 1943 the Soviets retake
Russia
• 1944 Soviets advance
Into Romania, Hungary,
And Poland and into Berlin
• U.S. & Brits attack Germans
In N. Africa & Italy.
• Italy leaves Axis powers to
Join the Allies
• June 6 1944, U.S. troops land
On the French coast of Normandy
• Germans were overwhelmed
• U.S. and British air force begin
To attack on Germany.
Turning the tide
In the Pacific
• Came in the area of the
Midway Islands (June 4, 1942)
• Cryptographers broke a
Japanese code that was
Planning an attack on Midway
• The U.S. countered this
Attempted attack
• This changed the war in
Favor to the U.S.
• Used an island hopping
Strategy
• Getting close to the islands
Of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Iwo Jima & Okinawa and
Japanese Surrender
• Kamikaze- “volunteered”
Suicide mission, just enough
Fuel
• Convinced Americans that
Japanese would not capitulate
• Napalm bombings
• Atomic bomb drop on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(August 6 & 9, 1945)
• Soviet Union then declares
War on Japan creating a two
Front war
• Emperor Hirohito
Unconditionally surrenders
(August 15, 1945)
Life During Wartime
Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance
Exploitation and
Atrocities
• Used their empires for
Economic gain and exploited
Lands under their control
Regardless of consequence
• Use of slave labor
• Atrocities include:
Vivisection, germ warfare
Experiments, high altitude and
Hypothermia experiments
Collaboration
• Hated occupation but
Went on with it
• Local notables often
Joined the occupied gov’ts
To gain power
• Business people and
Companies joined for
Financial reasons
• Others turned in their
Friends and neighbors
Resistance
• Occupation took on
Various forms of resistance.
• This included: sabotage,
Guerilla warfare, destruction
Of ammunition dumps,
Destroying of communication
And transportation
Facilities
• Non-compliance was
Considered a form of treason
The Holocaust
The Final Solution
Jewish Resistance
• Best known uprising in the Warsaw
Ghetto in the spring of 1943
• Occupation of Poland and invasion of
Soviet Union gave Hitler the opportunity
To get rid of the Jews
• SS Einsatzgruppen- the Nazi killing of
Jews of Roma gypsies, and non Jewish
Slavs
• Final Solution- the killing of every Jew
In Europe
• Wannsee Conference- coordinate and
Implement the “final solution”. Move all
Jews to Eastern Poland into concentration
Camps
• Mass exterminations (gas chambers)
Women and War
Women’s Roles
• Joined military services
• Took factory jobs
• Heads of household
• Roles were often temporary when
Men came home after the war
Comfort Women
• Women working in military brothels
• In order to “comfort” Japanese soldiers
• Often women of occupied lands (Korea,
Taiwan, Manchuria)
• Women often were casualties of war,
Killed, got a venereal disease
• Survivors experienced deep shame and
At times shunning from families.
The Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
The United Nations
• Dedicated to keeping world
Peace and security
• Security council for
Maintaining int’l peace
• 5 permanent member (U.S.,
Soviet Union, GB, France & China)
• 6 rotating elected members
• Unanimous vote on all
Substantive matters, decisions are
Binding
• Question of what would happen
To Poland
• Stalin argued for “friendly” gov’t
To safeguard against German
Threat
The Truman Doctrine
• New idea of “free” (democratic)
And “enslaved” (communist)
Peoples
• Truman Doctrine- a U.S.
Interventionist foreign policy
Dedicated to the “containment” of
Communism
• Tried to prevent further influence
Of the Soviet Union
Marshall Plan
• Marshall Plan aka
The European Recovery
Plan-rebuild European
Economies through
Cooperation and capitalism.
• Policy meant to avoid
Communist influence
• Soviet Union responds
• Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (COMECON
- Offered increased trade with
Soviet Union and eastern Europe
As an alternative to the Marshal
Plan
Origins of the Cold War
Military Alliances
• North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO) and Warsaw
Pact-signaled the
Militarization of the
Cold War
• Maintain peace in
Postwar Europe
• Warsaw Pact was
The countermeasure
To NATO
Divided Germany
• Soviet Union pressured
Western powers to
Relinquish jurisdiction
Over Berlin
• Western powers merged
Their occupation zones
Together
• Soviets blockaded all road,
Rail and water links between
Berlin and W. Germany
Blockade &
Airlift
• Americans and
Brits responded by
Airlifts of food &
Supplies to
W. Germany
• 1949 Soviets
Call off the blockade
• U.S., Brits &
French unite their
Occupations into the
Federal Republic of
Germany (West
Germany)
• Soviets started the
German Democratic
Republic (East Germany)
Which included Berlin
The Berlin Wall
• East Germany
Suffering from
Many leaving to
Go to W. Germany
• East Germany
Created a fortified
Wall to keep east
Germans from
Leaving
• It stopped refugees
From leaving but
Brought shame to
East Germany
The Globalization of the Cold War
The People’s Republic
Of China
• Birth of a Communist
China
• Soviet Union gains an
Ally
• 1948 Civil war broke
Out in China against
The Nationalist party
• Forcing the Nationalist
Party to leave and seek
Refuge in Taiwan
• 8/1/1949 The People’s
Republic of China is created
Fraternal Cooperation
•
China and Soviet Union had
Close ties in the early part of
The Cold War
• Had the same enemy: U.S.
• Concerned as to how the U.S.
Was aiding former enemy Japan
And other states such as Taiwan
And South Korea
• Beijing, China recognized
Soviet’s authority in world
Communism in exchange for
Military equipment & economic
aid
Confrontation in Korea
• Hostilities in Korea
In 1950
• Soviet and U.S.
Divided the area of Korea in two at t
38th parallel
• In the South the Republic
Of Korea
• In the North the People’s Democr
Republic of Korea
• 1950 the North attacked the
South, U.S. provides aide and
Pushes the North back
• South attempts to gain the North
But Chinese and Korean forces push
Back
• War ends in a stalemate to this da
• Developed SEATO similar to NATO
The Globalization of the Cold War
Cracks in the SovietChinese Alliance
• Soviet Union was
China’s principal trading
Partner
• Chinese felt the Soviet
Aid was far too modest
And too many strings
Attached
• Both competed for
Influence in Africa & Asia
• China enhanced prestige
By attempting nuclear tests
The Nuclear Arms Race
• Central feature of the Cold War
• U.S. & Soviets created large
Arsenals of nuclear weapons &
Systems of deploying them
• So much nuclear power that it
Led to mutually assured destruction
(MAD)
Cuba: Nuclear
Flashpoint
• Closest time to
Unleashing nuclear
Capabilities was in Cuba
• Fidel Castro overthrew,
Complacent to the
U.S. , leader, Fulgencio
Batista y Zaldivar.
• Fidel accepts Soviet’s
Offer of massive economic
Aid
• And openly supports
The USSR
The Globalization of the Cold War
Bay of Pigs Invasion
• JFK attempts to invade Cuba and overthrow
Castro
• He thought he would have more supporters
• CIA did not get an uprising they wanted,
And they did not get any aerial support
• The invasion was unsuccessful
• Latin America lost prestige in the U.S.
• Strengthened Castro’s position in Cuba
• 10/8/1962 U.S. learns of Soviet’s intent to
Place nuclear missiles in Cuba
• JFK gave Soviets an ultimatum to withdraw
Missiles from Cuba or else
• Kennedy imposes a naval and air quarantine
• In return Soviet Leader, Nikita Khrushchey
Got an open pledge from JFK stating he
Would not attempt to overthrow Castro and
His regime
Dissent, Intervention, Rapprochement
De-Stalinization
• After Joseph Stalin died
And many communists began
To speak out against him
• Destalinization period –
1956-1964- “thaw” in gov’t
And a release in POWs
Soviet Intervention
• Tempting communist leaders
Elsewhere to not be so
Independent on Soviet intervention
• Eastern European states tried to
Be their own masters
• Uprisings to rid communism
Began in Czechoslovakia and
Hungary
• Soviets implement the “Brezhnev
Doctrine”
• Brezhnev Doctrine-the right to
Invade any socialist country deemed
To be threatened by internal or
External elements “hostile to
Socialism”
Detente
• Détente-reduction
In hostility, trying to
Cool the arms race &
Slow competition in
Developing countries
• Relaxation of Cold
War tensions and
New cooperation