Transcript at war - cloudfront.net

Dictators Threaten World Peace;
War in Europe
p. 528,
536
Today’s goal
• Many people around the world blamed the
Depression on the capitalist powers: the United
States, Great Britain, and France.
• Fascist dictators offered successful solutions to
the failures of capitalism and democracy.
• Nazi Germany began World War II and soon took
control of most of Europe, except for Great
Britain.
• Germany used modern mechanized and air
warfare.
Vocabulary
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Joseph Stalin
Took control of the Soviet Union in the early 1920s.
Created a model communist state (Stalinist)
Agricultural and industrial growth main goals.
No private property (capitalism)
– Collective farms
• “five year plans” to rapidly make USSR an industrial
power.
– By 1937 second to the US.
• Purged political enemies
– Millions died and more suffered.
totalitarian
• Any government that tries to exert complete
control over its citizens.
– Individuals have no rights
– The government suppresses all opposition.
Benito Mussolini
• Started the Fascist Party.
• Attacked communism and promised to steer Italy from
economic collapse.
• Threatened the king’s government by marching on
Rome with thousands of “black shirt” followers.
• The rich and middle class supported the Fascists.
• Totalitarian leader of Italy from 1922 on.
– Made the economy better
– Eliminated opposition.
– Called “Il Duce” by loyalists.
fascism
• Political belief stressing nationalism
• Placed interests of the state above those of
individuals
• Believed only a strong dictator (Mussolini) and
a loyal party (Fascists) would be best to run
the country.
Adolf Hitler
• Jobless soldier after WWI.
• In 1919, he joined the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
• His speaking and organizing skills made him
the leader a few years later.
• Called “der Fuhrer” by followers and loyalists.
Nazism
• German form of Mussolini’s fascism.
• Extreme nationalism
– Goal to unite all German-speaking people into a
great German empire (Gross Deutschland).
• Racial purification, Aryan “master race”
– Inferior races would serve or be eliminated.
• Jews, Slavs, nonwhites…..
• National expansion (lebensraum); even if it
took war.
Francisco Franco
• Led Spanish army officers against the Spanish Republican government.
– Fascist.
• Caused the Spanish Civil War.
– Supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
– American volunteers, men and women, mostly communists, fought against
Franco’s forces calling themselves “The Abraham Lincoln Brigade”
• African Americans in the ALB were fighting against Italy’s takeover of Ethiopia.
• The US, Britain, and France did not help the Republicans.
– Stalin helped because some Republicans were Reds.
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Franco’s Fascists won in 1939.
It brought Germany and Italy closer together.
Fascism looked unstoppable.
"Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical
elections."
Neutrality Acts
• Part of Congress’ “Isolationist” Policy.
• 1935
• Goal was to keep the US out of any future foreign
wars.
– Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war.
– Extended the ban to cover nations engaged in civil
wars.
• FDR got around them in order to send aid to
China, in 1937.
– Japan did not declare war on China when it invaded.
Neville Chamberlain
• British prime minister, who, along with French
premier Édouard Daladier, signed an agreement
with Hitler regarding Czechoslovakia.
– Eager to avoid war.
– Germany would take the German portion, “the
Sudetenland”
– Hitler promised this was his “last territorial demand”.
• Chamberlain trusted Hitler, “Peace in our time!”
Winston Churchill
• Member of Parliament who despised Hitler.
• He criticized Chamberlain’s naiveté.
– “Britain and France had to choose between war
and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will
have war!”
• Parliament’s House of Commons still voted for
Chamberlain’s agreement.
• Churchill quote, p. 538.
appeasement
• French and British policy of giving up
principles in favor of pacifying an aggressor
(Hitler).
Nonaggression pact
• agreement between Hitler and Stalin NOT to
make war on each other.
• Surprised the world community.
• Secret part of the agreement allowed both
countries to invade and take parts of Poland.
blitzkrieg
• German fighting style, “lightning war”
– Fast tanks and powerful aircraft: terrorize and
confuse.
– Main army would then crush the bewildered
enemy.
• First used on Poland, on September, 1939.
• Britain and France declared war on Germany:
• World War II began.
Charles de Gaulle
• Fled to England when France fell in 1940.
• Started a French “government in exile” in London.
– Made radio broadcasts to mainland France.
– Coordinated the French resistance.
• “France has lost a battle, but France has not lost
the war!”
• He’d become the leader of French forces during
the war and French President after the war.
End hwk
• Begin class work
p . 529, Identifying Problems
• A lack of democratic tradition
• Failure of the Treaty of Versailles
• Economic devastation (post-WWI and the
Depression)
p. 529, summarizing
• Complete control over citizens and ruthless
suppression of opposition
p. 530, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
– Germany—Adolph Hitler
– Spain—Francisco Franco
– Italy—Benito Mussolini
– Soviet Union—Josef Stalin
– Japan—Tojo Hideki
• 2.
– Its status as an island nation
p. 530, analyzing causes
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Italians’ pride was hurt
Rising inflation
Widespread unemployment
Social unrest
p. 531, summarizing
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To reunite all Germans
Germans were a master race
Other races were inferior
Germany needed more living space.
p. 532, geography skillbuilder
• 1.
– Italy
– Germany
– Japan
• 2.
– They were both small nations that invaded larger
countries.
p. 532, Analyzing motives
• To gain “living space” and resources for the
Japanese people.
p. 533, summarizing
• Germany and Italy on the side of Franco’s
Fascist .
• The Soviet Union in support of the Spanish
Republican government.
p. 534, Analyzing Causes
• Evidence that large profits had been made by
banks and arms industries during WWI.
• Regret over having been involved in that war.
• Hatred of militarism.
p. 534, analyzing political cartoons
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– Many Americans wanted to avoid being involved
in European problems.
• 2.
– isolationism
• 3.
– Americans were becoming aware that the Atlantic
was not the protective buffer from foreign
problems that they had once believed in.
p. 535, 3, analyzing causes
• Germany and Russia’s resentment of the
treaty contributed to their renunciation of
democratic values.
• The treaty did little to halt the rise of
totalitarian governments.
p. 535, 4, drawing conclusions
• Germany was economically devastated by the
effects of WWI
• The nation suffered from severe economic
depression.
• Hitler promoted the Nazi Party as a way to
restore national pride and strength.
p. 535, 5, forming generalizations
Powerful nations
• Strong, self-sufficient
nations can afford to adopt
isolationist policies.
Weaker nations
• Weaker nations are often
too dependent on foreign
powers.
p. 537, summarizing
• Annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland
p. 538, geography skillbuilder
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Austria
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Greece
Romania
Slovakia
Hungary
Poland
Lithuania,
Latvia
Estonia
Finland
Norway
France
Denmark
The Netherlands
Belgium
The Soviet Union
• It was centrally located
p. 539, evaluating
• The development of improved tanks and
airplanes had made “blitzkrieg” tactics
effective.
p. 540, analyzing motives
• As a way of protecting their independence.
p. 541, 3, analyzing motives,
just cite three.
• Hitler’s deceptions included
• Charging the Czechs with abusing Sudeten
Germans.
• Claiming the Sudetenland was his “last territorial
demand.”
• Accusing Poles of brutalizing Germans.
• Signing a secret pact with the Soviets, dividing
Poland.
• Justifying the invasions of Denmark and Norway
as necessary to safeguard his plans.
p. 541, 4, evaluating conclusions
MP vote for Munich Agreement
MP vote against Munich
Agreement
• Appeasement would help
avert war.
• Compromise is not a sign of
weakness.
• Appeasement would feed
Hitler’s military aggression.
• Great Britain should defend
its honour and declare war.
p. 541, 5, drawing conclusions,
just one will do.
• After the Munich Conference—Britain and
France let Germany take the Sudetenland.
• After taking Czechoslovakia—France and
Britain ignored their pledge to protect
Czechoslovakia.
Brief Response
• What caused many in the world to disfavor
the US, Britain, and France in the 1930s and
what were the results for millions?
Today’s goal (review)
• Many people around the world blamed the
Depression on the capitalist powers: the United
States, Great Britain, and France.
• Fascist dictators offered successful solutions to
the failures of capitalism and democracy.
• Nazi Germany began World War II and soon took
control of most of Europe, except for Great
Britain.
• Germany used modern mechanized and air
warfare.