Transcript U.S. History Final Exam Review

U.S. History
Final Exam Review
Chapters to Review
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Ch 12 Great Depression
Ch 13 New Deal (quiz)
Ch 14 Coming of War
Ch 15 WWII
Ch 16 Cold War
Ch 17 Post War Confidence & Anxiety (quiz)
Ch 18 Civil Rights Movement
Ch 19 Kennedy & Johnson (quiz)
Ch 20 Vietnam War Era
Chapter 12 Great Depression
Causes
• Uneven distribution of wealth (factories produced more goods than
the average industrial worker could afford)
• Easy credit (debt, especially farmers)
• Stock Speculation (confident investors lose confidence, withdraw)
• Stock market crashes
• Commercial banks fail
• Banking system collapses
• Businesses fail
• Unemployment rises
• Public unable to buy goods
• More businesses fail
• Unemployment grows
Effects of Great Depression
• Cities
– Production cutbacks in factories; falling wages;
bread lines; Hoovervilles
• Farms
– Falling commodity prices; growing debt; farm
foreclosures; drought; migration
• Unemployment, poverty, eviction widespread
Hoover’s Response to Depression
• Volunteerism
– Business leaders to maintain employment, wages, prices;
wealthy individuals to give money to charity; local govt. to
provide jobs and relief
• Volunteerism fails
– Exact opposite happens
• Federal Resources
– Reconstruction Finance Corp. providing loans to big businesses
and banks
• Trickle Down Economics
– Big businesses & banks to use loans to hire workers, loans to
businesses, more business leads to higher employment, end of
depression.
• Fail
Ch 13 The New Deal
Problem
FDR’s Solution
Failing Banks
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. insures
bank deposits
Unsafe stock market
Securities Exchange Commission regulates
stock market
Desperate plight of farmers
Govt. pays farmers subsidies; Tennessee
Valley Authority builds dams to control
floods and generate electric power
Problems in industry
National Recovery Administration
develops codes for industries to set
minimum wages for workers and
minimum prices for goods
Joblessness
Civil Works Administration provides jobs
on public works projects; Public Works
Administration creates jobs in
construction, Civilian Conservation Corp.
gives 2 million men jobs
2nd New Deal
Problem
Solution
Unemployment
Works Progress Administration created
new jobs doing public works
Poverty
Social Security Act created a pension
system for retirees, unemployment
insurance, aid for disabled and poverty
stricken mothers & children
Lack of Rural Electricity
Rural Electrification Administration
brought electricity to farms
Low standard of living among workers
Wagner Act gave workers the right to
collective bargaining to improve working
conditions; Fair Labor Standards Act set
minimum wage, established hours in a
workweek, and outlawed child labor
Effects of the New Deal
• Expanded role of govt.
• Provided new opportunities for women (first in
cabinet)
• Increased the power of the presidency (in managing
social policy & the economy)
• Improved the lives of Native Americans (new schools,
hospitals; greater control over own affairs, encouraged
practice of religion & language)
• Created a new political coalition (New Deal Coalition:
southern whites, blue-collar workers, poor Midwestern
farmers, African Americans)
• Created the foundation for sustained and stable growth
• Welfare State
Ch 14 The Coming of War
1930s Dictators and their actions
Policy of appeasement
• Soviet Union
– Efforts to transform the Soviet Union into industrial power results in deaths of at least 10
million people
– Stalin purges Communist Party of real or suspected traitors
• Italy
– Mussolini outlaws political parties, takes over the press, creates a secret police
– Invades Ethiopia in 1935
– Sends military and economic aid to Francisco Franco in Spain
• Germany
– Hitler silences democratic institutions of Weimar Republic
– Hitler establishes secret police, state-controlled press & education system
– Germany reclaims Saar region from France
– Germany invades Rhineland
• Japan
– Attacks Manchuria in 1931
– Rape of Nanjing in 1937
Isolation to Involvement
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Sept. 1939:
1939:
April 1940:
May 1940:
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July 1940:
Sept. 1940:
March 1941:
Aug. 1941:
Germany invades Poland
Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1939
Denmark & Norway fall to Germany
Germany takes the Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg, & France
Germany attacks Britain
Tripartite Pact
Congress signs Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter issued
Causes/Effects of Pearl Harbor
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Japan resents threats to its authority
Japan relies on trade w/U.S. for natural resources
U.S. stops trade in military supplies
Japan keeps expanding
Negotiations fail
• Attacks on Pearl Harbor
– Surprise attack on 360 Japanese planes
– Nearly 2,500 Americans killed
– U.S. fleet was damaged but not destroyed
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U.S. fleet hurt and not operational for 6 months
Americans committed to fight
U.S. declares war on Japan
Germany & Italy declare war on U.S.
Ch15 WWII
• In Europe:
– Battle against U-boats in Atlantic
– Battle of Stalingrad
– Allied invasion of N. Africa, Sicily, Italy
– British & American bombers batter Germany
• In Pacific:
– Battle of Coral Sea
– Battle of Midway
– American invasion of Guadalcanal
The Home Front
• Economy: war bonds, wage controls, increased
govt. involvement, new taxes, rationing
• Effects of Women: new ideas about women in the
workplace, new relationships, gained skills &
organizational experience, new opportunities
• Effects on Minorities: Executive order 8802, fair
hiring practives in jobs funded w/govt. money,
African Amer. worked toward equal rights, Japanese
Amer. were moved to internment camps, MexicanAmer. farmers came to U.S. via the bracero program.
Allies Win WWII
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Allies land at Normandy on D-Day, push Germans out of France
Soviets advance toward Berlin from the east
Allies advance northward in Italy
U.S. closes in on Berlin
• Pacific
– Amer. forces follow island-hopping strategy toward Japan, capture Iwo
Jima & Okinawa near Japan
– Amer. pilots bomb Japanese home islands
– U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
– Soviet Union declare war on Japan
Holocaust
• Hitler’s attempts to exterminate European Jews
– 1933: Hitler becomes dictator of Germany; begins persecution of Jew; first Nazi
concentration camp opens
– 1935: Nuremberg Laws deny citizenship to Jews, ban marriage between Jews and nonJews, segregate Jews at every level of society
– 1938: Kristallnacht – Nazi officials order attacks on Jews in Germany
– 1933-1945: Jews imprisoned in concentration camps and death camps, systematically
exterminated.
– 1945: awareness of the Holocaust increases demand and support for in inde. Jewish
homeland
• Response to the Holocaust
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Failure to relax immigration policies
Roosevelt admin. Underestimates Hitler’s plans
Zionists interested in creating Jewish homeland
War Refugee Board saves thousands
Allied soldiers liberate concentration camps
U.S. recognizes Israel
Aftermath
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United Nations
Imperialism & colonialism decline
Shift in balance of power
U.S. helps shape world economy
War criminals are put on trial
U.S. assumes global leadership
Ch16 Cold War
• American Goals: stop spread of communism; united
Germany; inde. nations in eastern Europe; support
free peoples who are resisting subjugation;
containment
• Soviet Goals: spread communism beyond eastern
Europe; weak, divided Germany; eastern Europe
under Soviet control; world domination
• Tensions: Yalta & Potsdam – allies have conflicting
goals for eastern Europe; Stalin increases his control
over eastern European nations, making some Soviet
satellites; Truman Doctrine aid sent to Greece &
Turkey; Marshall Plan; closure of roads into west
Berlin – Berlin airlift; NATO; Warsaw Pact
Korean War
• Problem: Communists threaten takeover of China;
Communist North Korea invades South Korea; South
Korean troops and allies retreat to Pusan; MacArthur
moves troops into North Korea
• Solution: U.S. sends aid to Chinese Nationalists
fighting the communists; U.S. & U.N. send aid &
troops to Korea; Allies attack at Inchon & push North
Koreans back; Truman fires MacArthur
• Cold War Tactics: arms race; hydrogen bomb;
mutually assured destruction; massive retaliation;
brinkmanship; Eisenhower doctrine
Cold War at Home
• Effect on Rights: 3,000 fed. employees lose
jobs; unlawful to teach/advocate the violent
overthrow of U.S. govt.; investigation of
possible subversive activities, or communists,
in all aspects of Amer. life.; blacklisting of
entertainment figures suspected of having
communist ties; accusations caused people to
lose jobs & destroyed reputations
• Alger Hiss & the Rosenbergs
Ch17 Postwar Confidence &
Anxiety
• Problems after WWII: returning soldiers need
jobs & housing; striking union workers
• Solutions: GI bill; taft-Hartley Act (outlaws the
colsed shop-workplace hiring only union
members)
• Truman's Fair Deal; Eisenhower's interstate
Postwar Changes
• Society: growth of suburbs, increased auto
ownership, interstate highways, family travel
to state/national parks, migrate to Sunbelt
(jobs, climate, air, population, environmental)
• Economy: service economy, fewer people
working in manufacturing & farming,
information industry, franchise businesses
• Education: more people attend college,
federal and state government increased
funding
Mass Culture & Family Life
• Culture of consumerism
– Americans spend more, new conveniences
• Family life in the 50s
– Ideal family, revolved around children, church attendance
rose, medical advance
• Television
– Programing reinforces ideals, enforces mass culture
• Rock & Roll
– African American origin, Elvis, youth culture
• Dissent & Discontent
– Social critics; poverty; beatniks; minorities; discrimination;
alienation; stifled individualism; materialism; conformity
Ch 18 The Civil Rights Movement
• De jure/de facto segregation
• Demands for Equality:
– 1947: Jackie Robinson 1st A.A. to play major league baseball
– 1950: Sweatt v. Painter; McLaurin case
– 1954: Brown v. Board violates constitution
– 1955: Montgomery bus boycott
– 1956: Montgomery, Alabama bus segregation unconstitional
– 1957: Eisenhower sends fed. Troops to Little Rock to enforce Court
decision; Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Protests
– Restaurant segregation; sit-ins; SNCC began grass-roots movement;
freedom rides; James Meredith integrated the U. of Miss.; King Jr. led
civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama; March on Washington.
New Successes & Challenges
• Push for voting rights
– Freedom Summer; March in Selma
• Frustration explodes into violence
– Riots erupt in several cities in summer of 1967; Kerner Commission
determines main cause of riots
• New voices for African Americans
– Malcolm X most well-known A.A. radical; Black Panthers become
symbol of young militant A.A.
• Martin Luther King Jr.
– Continues to seek nonviolent methods; assassinated in Memphis in
1968
• Gains & Challenges
– Voting Rights Act; 24th amendment; Legal segregation is eliminated;
discrimination continues
Ch 19 Kennedy & Johnson Years
• Kennedy & Cold War
– Bay of Pigs invasion: invasion plan failed; made Castro stronger; turned
some Cuban Amer. against Kennedy
– Cuban Missile Crisis: Khrushchev lost prestige; Kennedy emerged as
more mature; event led to less tension between nations; “hot line”
installed for emergency communication
– Berlin Wall: Kennedy wanted E. & W. Gemany united; Khrushchev
wanted Berlin under Soviet control; Soviets built wall separating E. &
W.; Kennedy ordered troops to W. Berlin; neither side can claim a
victory
• Kennedy’s New Frontier
– Space Program; Equal Pay Act; deficit spending; civil rights legislation
Johnson’s Great Society
• Education
– Elementary & Secondary Education Act; more funds for
poor schools
• Healthcare
– Medicare; medicaid
• Immigration
– Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965 allowed many new
immigrants into U.S.
• Poverty
– 1964 Economic Opportunity Act; Job Corps; VISTA;
Headstart
Ch 21 The Vietnam War Era
• U.S. Policy in Vietnam
– Truman/Eisenhower: U.S. gave aid to France,
believe in domino theory, provided economic &
military aid to S. Vietnam
– Kennedy: Sent U.S. troops to Vietnam, helped
overthrow Diem govt.
– Johnson: Responds to Maddox incident, orders
airstrike against N. Vietnam, Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
U.S. Involvement
• Americanizing the war
– Assumptions & strategies: Operation Rolling Thunder, Napalm, Agent Orange
– Elusive & determined enemy: fought guerrila fighters, small battles
– Costly & Frustrating: many casualties, S. Vietnamese govt. corrupt & unpopular
• Patriotism, Heroism, Sinking morale
– Hard to tell enemy from friend, no large victories, soldiers fight for variety of
reasons, 10,000 women serve in Vietnam
– Later most soldiers are draftees; S. Vietnamese seem indifferent
• Doubt grows on homefront
– War weakens economy: rising prices, inflation, costs of Great Society could not be
met
– Antiwar Movement Emerges: hawks & doves, Fulbright hearings
• War Divides America: anti-war demonstrations; Tet Offensive; Johnson announces he
will not run for reelection; assassinations of M.L. King Jr. & R. F. Kennedy; protests at
Democratic National Convention; Nixon voted in.
War’s End & Impact
• Johnson: Americanization & total victory, sent more & more troops
• Nixon: Vietnamization & “peace w/honor”, troops in Cambodia, secret
bombing in Cambodia
• Both: escalated war, policy unpopular at home
• Effects: communism spreads, but not like people expected; more than 58,000
Americans died, 2 million Vietnamese died; veterans not appreciated; Great
Society programs fail – no $; Americans have less trust for leaders; no
consensus on foreign affairs; Congress passes War Powers Act; U.S. is less
willing to intervene in foreign affairs.
• Nixon & the Cold War
– China: normalization of relations will drive wedge between China & Soviet
Union; China would make a good trading partner; good relations might
pressure N. Vietnam to make peace
– Soviet Union: Diplomacy w/China will create Soviet fear of isolation;
detente eased tensions between two countries; diplomacy could limit arms
race
Ch 21 Era of Protest & Change
• The Counterculture
– Youth Generation: hippies; non-Judeo-Christian spirituality; peace, love,
freedom; recreational drug use; open sexual relationships; rock-&-roll
– Older Generation: Traditional values & restrictions on dress & behavior
• Women’s Rights Movement
– Causes: rights gained in the civil rights movement; discrimination against
women; unsatisfying roles; workforce limitations & discrimination
– Effects: can’t legally discriminate based on gender, legal right to abortion,
increased workforce opportunities for women
– Proponents/Opponents: pro(Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem)
opp(Phyllis Schlafly)
• Environmental Movement: Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring in 1962;
Americans celebrate the first Earth Day in 1970; Environmental Protection
Agency is established in 1970; Clean Air Act passes in 1970; Clean Water Act
passes in 1973; Endangered Species Act passes in 1973