Transcript The Great Depression and World War II P1

The Great Depression and
World War II
SS8H8 – The student will analyze the important events that
occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia.
a.
Describe the impact of the boll weevil and drought on
Georgia
b.
Explain economic factors that resulted in the Great
Depression
c.
Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene
Talmadge
d.
Discuss the effect of the New Deal in terms of the impact
of the Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural
Adjustment Act, rural electrification, and Social Security
The Boll Weevil
A small, grayish, long-snouted beetle
 Destroyed the primary source of income
for many GA farmers – Cotton
 Feeds on the white, fluffy cotton
 Came from Mexico, moved through Texas
and into the southern states in the 1890s
 The boll weevil and the drop in cotton
prices weakened the South’s economy
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Drought in Georgia
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1924 – major drought in Georgia
Slowed down the boll weevil, but destroyed
other crops
Farms failed, and banks that had loaned the
farmers money took huge loses
Hurt many farm workers; they left Georgia
b/c of drought and the boll weevil
the Great Migration – the movement of
southern blacks to the North; lasted from
end of WWI through the 1960s
The Great Depression
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Causes of the Great Depression –
◦ People of the U.S. had borrowed more money
than they could repay
◦ Factories had produced more goods than they
could sell
◦ Farmers also overproduced, causing prices to
decline
◦ High tariffs
◦ Speculation in the stock market
The Great Depression
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Causes of the Great Depression –
◦ Laissez-faire attitude – the doctrine that the
government should not interfere in the
private sector of the economy
helped cause the depression because
people, including the president, did not do
anything to help the economy, thinking it
would work itself out
The Great Depression
◦ Results of the stock market crash in
1929
banks lost a lot of money
people were forced out of homes –
“Hoovervilles”
schools closed
savings accounts were emptied
Eugene Talmadge
Governor of Georgia from 1933-1936
and 1940-1942; three terms as governor
 Conservative white supremacist who did
not like federal government intervention
 Spoke out against the New Deal, blacks
and metropolitan areas; most of his voters
were from the rural areas of the state
 He supported the reduction of property
taxes, utility rates, and license fees
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Eugene Talmadge
Did not support textile unions
 A Talmadge supporter told the governor
that a dean at UGA and a dean at GA
Southern planned to integrate the school
 Talmadge fired the two individuals
 His actions offended many, thus the SACS
voted to take away the accreditation of
white Georgia colleges
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Eugene Talmadge
The New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s set of laws that
were created to bring about economic
recovery, relieve the suffering of the
unemployed, reform defects in the
economy, and improve society
 New Deal Programs – Civilian
Conservation Corps, Agricultural
Adjustment Act, Rural Electrification,
Social Security
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
A program that provided jobs for young
single men building forest trails and roads,
planting trees, and building parks
 Built many facilities at Roosevelt State
Park in Pine Mountain
 Flood control and drainage projects –
Tybee Island’s seawall
 Built municipal facilities – Augusta’s
Savannah River Lease and Macon’s airport
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
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It paid farmers NOT to plant on part of
their land – this helped raise farm prices
by limiting production
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
The plan worked; farm income improved
 The one drawback – farm subsidies
(grants of $ from the government) went
to landowners rather than to the tenant
farmers, who were usually black
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Rural Electrification Authority (REA)
Power companies mainly ran lines to towns
and cities
 Because the rural population was spread out,
power lines were more expensive to build
and maintain
 Best impact of New Deal on GA – caused
many rural regions to receive electricity for
the first time
 Impact on farmers – loaned $ to farmers’
cooperatives to help them extend their own
power lines and buy power wholesale
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Social Security
It provided retirement and unemployment
insurance from taxes paid by both
workers and their employers
 However, farm workers were not covered
by the new program
 Gives some measure of protection to the
average citizen and to his family against
the loss of a job and against povertyridden old age
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SS8H9
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The student will describe the impact of World
War II on Georgia’s development economically,
socially, and politically
A. Describe the impact of events leading up to
American involvement in World War II, include
Lend-Lease and the bombing of Pearl Harbor
B. Evaluate the importance of Bell Aircraft, military
bases, the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards,
Richard Russell, and Carl Vinson
C. Explain the impact of the Holocaust on Georgians
D. Discuss President Roosevelt’s ties to GA including
his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the
state
Poland is invaded by Germany
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Appeasement – the
policy of giving an
aggressor what it
wants in order to
avoid war
Great Britain and
France declare war on
Germany
Before troops could
get there, Germany
and the Soviet Union
divided Poland
Neutral United States
President Roosevelt watched as Japan, Italy,
the Soviet Union, and Germany carved up
the world.
 Isolationism – the idea of not taking part in
the affairs of other nations
 The U.S. allowed the Allied Powers to buys
arms if they paid cash and carried them in
their own ships
 When the British ran out of cash to buy the
arms, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act
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World War II countries
Axis powers – Germany, Italy, Japan,
 Allied powers – Great Britain, France,
United States, Soviet Union*
 Soviet Union – at first, Germany and the
Soviet Union were conquering land; they
were considered allies, but Germany
turned on the Soviet Union
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The European Theater
France surrenders – June, 1940
Leaders of the Nations
Germany – Adolf Hitler
 Japan – Emperor Hirohito
 Italy – Benito Mussolini
 Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
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The Leaders
Pearl Harbor
To protest Japanese expansion, the United
States stopped exporting airplanes,
metals, aircraft parts, and aviation gasoline
to Japan
 After Japan invaded French Indochina in
1941, Roosevelt seized all Japanese
property in the U.S.
 Thus, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
on December 7, 1941, a Sunday morning
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Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Referred to as the “day that will live in
infamy”
 The Navy’s Pacific fleet was destroyed
 All eight battleships were destroyed or
severely damaged
 2,000 people were killed; 1,000 were
injured
 December 8, 1941, the U.S. declares war
on Japan because of Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor – U.S.S. Arizona
The Bell Aircraft
After Pearl Harbor, the government
decided to build additional aircraft plants
to make the B-29 bomber
 Bell Aircraft Company of Buffalo, NY built
a new plant in Marietta, GA
 In 1943, the plant employed 1200 people;
by 1945, it employed 27,000 employees
 The Marietta plant was the largest aircraft
assembly plant in the world
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The Bell Aircraft
It closed after WWII;
had built 668 planes
 Opened back up in
1950 by Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation
 Still located in
Marietta
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WWII Military Bases in GA
Major military bases – Fort Benning
(Columbus), Camp Gordon (Augusta),
Fort Stewart and Hunter Air Field
(Savannah), Warner Robbins Air Field
(Macon)
 Fort Benning – largest infantry center in
the country
 Glynco Naval Air Station (Brunswick) –
flew blimps along the coast in search of
German subs
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WWII Military Bases in GA
Prisoners of War were held at Fort
Benning, Fort Gordon, Fort Oglethorpe,
and Fort Stewart
 Fort McPherson (Atlanta) – a major
induction center for newly drafted
soldiers from all over the country
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Savannah & Brunswick Shipyards
Liberty ships were built at the Savannah &
Brunswick Shipyards
 Liberty ships were cargo ships named by
President Roosevelt.
 First of GA’s Liberty ships was launched
in November 1942 – the U.S.S. James
Oglethorpe
 88 Liberty ships were built in Savannah
 99 Liberty ships were built in Brunswick
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Liberty Ships
Richard B. Russell, Jr.
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Georgia’s youngest governor
◦ He consolidated 102 state offices into 17
agencies
◦ He created the Board of Regents of the
University System of Georgia – a combination
of the boards of trustees of state colleges and
universities into one group
◦ He ran the state like a successful business
Richard B. Russell, Jr.
He served thirty-eight years as a U.S.
Senator
 He helped provide a school lunch to all
children
 He was a respected advisor to six U.S.
presidents; when he became pro tempore
of the Senate, he was third in line for the
presidency
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Richard B. Russell, Jr.
Carl Vinson
One of Georgia’s most influential leaders
 He served twenty-five consecutive terms
in the U.S. House of Representatives
 He represented Georgia’s interest in the
military through his work with the House
Naval Affairs Committee and the House
Armed Services Committee
 He had a major influence in promoting a
strong national defense
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Carl Vinson
In 1934, he helped authorize the
manufacture of 92 major warships
because of tensions in Europe
 He expanded the naval aviation system to
include 10,000 plans, train 16,000 pilots,
and establish 20 air bases
 He is referred to as the “father of the
two-ocean navy.”
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Carl Vinson
The Holocaust
The name given to the systematic
extermination of 6 million Jews
 An additional 5-6 million people, labeled
as “undesireables,” were also killed
 People died from starvation, disease,
mistreatment, and medical experiments
 Prisoners, including children, were killed
in gas chambers; once dead, they were
incinerated in ovens or thrown in mass
graves
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The Holocaust
Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany,
instigated the Holocaust.
 Concentration Camps – the final solution
to the Jewish problem
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◦ Examples: Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau,
Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
In 1986, the Georgia Commission on the
Holocaust was created “to take lesson
from the history of the Holocaust and use
them to help lead new generations of
Georgians beyond racism and bigotry.”
 The Commission sponsors an art and
writing contest for Georgia middle and
high school students
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Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
One of his New Deal programs did not
work – the NIRA (National Industrial
Recovery Act)
 It was designed to help workers by
setting minimum wages, permitting them
organize unions, and allowing factories to
cut back on production
 This legislation mainly affected the textile
industry
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Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
The NIRA was a major threat to mill
owners
 The mill owners used a stretch out – a
practice that requires workers to tend
more machines
 Workers had to do the same amount of
work in an 8-hour shift that they had
previously done in a 12- hour shift
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Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
Thus, textile workers all over the South
joined in a strike
 45,000 union workers in Georgia took
part
 The strike caused financial hardships for
the workers, so the union called off the
strike eventually
 So how did the NIRA affect GA?
Resulted in a strike in the textile industry
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Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
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In 1924, Roosevelt began visiting Warm
Springs as treatment for his polio
Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
Because of the warm springs, he built a
small house there in 1932 – it became
known as the “Little White House”
 The warm mineral waters of Warm
Springs eased his polio
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Franklin D. Roosevelt & Georgia
He died on April 24, 1945 from a massive
stroke at his house in Warm Springs
 Harry Truman became the next president
of the United States and authorized the
use of the atomic bomb both Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
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Atomic Bomb (Atom Bomb)
Atomic Bomb (Atom Bomb)
Atomic Bomb (Atom Bomb)