Transcript Cundari Ch 35 WWII ppt

Unit 10: WWII
World War II in Europe 1939-45
World War II in the Pacific
1941-1945
Leaders in WWII
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Germany- Adolf Hitler
Japan- General Tojo
Italy- Benito Mussolini
• USA- Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Great Britain- Winston Churchill
• USSR- Joseph Stalin
US remains Isolated
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Neutrality Acts 1935 outlaws arm sales
& loans to nations at war; also to
nations engaged in civil wars
However the US did support China in
1937 when Japan invaded the
mainland because Japan did not
declare war on China. The US sent
weapons/supplies to China
FDR’s Policies 1933-1938
In his first term, FDR’s concern with the Depression left little
time to deal with foreign affairs
 He did, however, extend Hoover’s efforts at improving U.S.
relations with Latin America by initiating a good-neighbor
policy
Good-Neighbor Policy: FDR wanted good relations with Latin
American nations because:
(1) U.S. interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer
made sense, since U.S. businesses during the depression
lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations
(2) The rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted
FDR to seek cooperation with Latin America (help defend the
region)
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Axis as Aggressors
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GR/IT are Fascists; Japan is an Empire
– Hitler/Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis
Pact
– Germany Signs Anti-Communism Pact
with Japan
Japan Invades China 1937
GR invades Austria 1938
Hitler wants the Sudetenland (CZ) 1938;
GRBR/FR do not war so they sign the
Munich Pact and give away Sudetenland to
GR
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GR invades Czechoslovakia 1939
GR and USSR sign a secret agreement
= non-aggression pact to allow GR to
invade Poland, divide it between them
and not attack each other 1939
GR invades Poland 1939 = WWII
begins when GRBR/FR declare war
German War
tactics Blitzkrieg
- Airplanes/ Tanks/
Infantry
- https://youtu.be/bp
YpbiIZDGw
- https://youtu.be/Dg
WGhPnjGSo
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Blitzkrieg tactics required the concentration
of offensive weapons (such as tanks,
planes, and artillery) along a narrow front.
These forces would drive a breach in enemy
defenses, permitting armored tank divisions
to penetrate rapidly and roam freely behind
enemy lines, causing shock and
disorganization among the enemy defenses.
German air power prevented the enemy
from adequately resupplying or redeploying
forces and thereby from sending
reinforcements to seal breaches in the front.
German forces could in turn encircle
opposing troops and force surrender.
Atlantic Charter
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Joint declaration released by U.S.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill on August 14, 1941.
World War II
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FR waits to be attacked;
GR invades other nations in
Europe: Denmark, Norway,
Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg (April-May 1940)
Winston Churchill became prime
minister
GR invade FR June 1940; cut
through the Ardennes Forrest and
through Belgium on their way to
Paris
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At Dunkirk GRBR/FR forces are
trapped; they must retreat across the
English Channel to avoid capture
IT joined GR and invaded FR
Within less than 2 months France
surrenders to GR; the Nazis controlled
the northern FR while the southern
half of the country was controlled by a
“puppet government”; the FR army &
their leader Charles De Gaulle fled to
England to avoid capture
Battle of Britain
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With all of Europe now under Nazi
control, the only country alone was
Great Britain (England)
Prior to attempting to invade England,
GR used FR as a staging ground to
send airplanes to attack Britain.
The “Battle of Britain” was an air war;
GR sent bombers to blow up towns &
the English used their fighter planes to
shoot down those GR planes
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The Battle of Britain is from the
summer of 1940-October 1940;
GR planes caused significant damage
to major cities, but the RAF managed
to destroy many of the bombers. In
one air battle the GR lost 185 planes
while the RAF only lost 26
The GR were unable to break the
British morale
“Operation Sea Lion” or the invasion of
England is called off and Hitler turns to
the East to attack Russia
Battle of Britain
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https://youtu.be/euRlmTHpSCI
FDR changes US policy
1940-41
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Cash and Carry- Allowed warring
nations to buy US arms as long as
they paid in cash and transported
them in own ships.
Lend-Lease Plan- the US will “Lend”
arms and supplies to countries at war,
they in turn will “Lease” property to
the US
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Roosevelt, eager to ensure public
consent for this controversial plan,
explained to the public and the press
that his plan was comparable to one
neighbor's lending another a garden
hose to put out a fire in his home.
"What do I do in such a crisis?" the
president asked at a press conference.
"I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden
hose cost me $15; you have to pay me
$15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I want
my garden hose back after the fire is
over."
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In addition ---In the Destroyers for
Bases Agreement between the
United States and the United Kingdom
on September 2, 1940, fifty class US
Navy destroyers were transferred to
the Royal Navy from the United States
Navy in exchange for land rights on
British possessions
The US set up bases on Bermuda,
Newfoundland, Argentina, Bahamas,
Jamaica, British Guiana
US supplied 30 nations during WWII
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British Empire and Commonwealth
Soviet Union
France and French Colonial Empire
China
Netherlands and Colonial Empire
Belgium
Greece
Norway
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Saudi Arabia
Poland
Liberia
Iran
Ethiopia
Iceland
Iraq
Czechoslovakia
Brazil
Mexico
Chile
Peru
Colombia
Ecuador
Uruguay
Cuba
Bolivia
Venezuela
Guatemala
Paraguay
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Nicaragua
El Salvador
Honduras
Costa Rica
US INDUSTRY GEARS UP FOR WAR AND PRODUCES GREAT QUANTITIES
OF ARMS AND EQUIPMENT FOR ALL THE ALLIES
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
https://youtu.be/G7BKvlobfBY
22
THE UNITED STATES BECAME INVOLVED BY SUPPLYING WAR MATERIALS
FOR THE ALLIES
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In addition to supplying Western European countries,
the US also supplied the USSR beginning in 1941 after
Hitler broke the 1939 German-USSR Non-Aggression
Pact. Why would FDR do this? FDR agreed with Winston
Churchill who said “if Hitler invaded Hell,” the British
would be willing to work with the devil himself. (My
enemy’s, enemy, is my friend)
Lend-Lease by the British was made in the form of
several valuable technologies, including those related to
radar, sonar, jet engines, antitank weaponry, rockets,
superchargers, gyroscopic gunsights, submarine
detection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and plastic explosives
as well as the British contribution to the Manhattan
Project.
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Germany attacks
Soviet Union
June 22, 1941
Purpose was to
destroy
communism &
get RU resources
Very bloody
battle over land
Battle of
Stalingrad:
Turning point
War in the Pacific
Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with
the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a
brutal attack on China. On September 27, 1940, Japan
signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus
entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."
Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a
withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and
China, the United States imposed economic sanctions
on Japan. Faced with severe shortages of oil and other
natural resources and driven by the ambition to
displace the United States as the dominant Pacific
power, Japan decided to attack the United States and
British forces in Asia and seize the resources of
Southeast Asia.
WWII in the Pacific Timeline
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http://www.historyplace.com/uni
tedstates/pacificwar/timeline.ht
m
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
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7am on a Sunday morning 180 Japanese
aircraft were launched from 6 aircraft
carriers;
2,403 Americans were killed, 1,178 were
wounded
Sunk or damaged 21 ships, including 8
battleships and 300 aircrafts
Japanese missed 3 US aircraft carriers that
were training away from Pearl; did not
destroy the repair yard, the oil/gas storage
facilities
USS Yorktown Carrier
FDR’s Speech 12/8/41
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https://youtu.be/YhtuMrMVJDk
Japan moves to dominate
the Pacific
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The United States is the only power blocking
Japan’s plan to conquer the Pacific
The Japanese had destroyed 75% of US
naval power in the Pacific.
Philippines- was a US protectorate since
1898.
Douglas Macarthur- commanding Army
officer.
Chester Nimitz- commanding Naval officer.
Japanese Aggression
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In the first 6 months after Pearl Harbor (Dec
1941-May 1942) the Japanese invaded:
Hong Kong, French Indochina (Vietnam),
Malaya, Burma, Thailand, more of China,
Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island,
Solomon Islands, the Aleutian Islands
(Alaska).
In addition they overran the Philippines
immediately after Pearl Harbor: 80,000
US/Filipinos were captured, forced to march
(Batann) and then put into concentration
camps for the rest of the war.
General Douglas Macarthur
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Commander of
American forces in
the Philippines;
ordered to leave by
FDR
“ I shall return”
Bataan Death March 1942
American/Filipino troops were
captured by the Japanese. Soldiers
were forced to march 6 days, 80-90
miles to the
Concentration Camps
shot/killed if they
stopped/fell by the
wayside
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Bataan Death March 1942
US Battles in the Pacific
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April 1942: Doolittle Raid on Tokyo,
16 US bombers struck Tokyo in a
surprise attack
May 1942: Battle of Coral Sea;
succeeded in stopping the Japanese
from conquering Australia; air battle;
stopped & turned back the Japanese
advance in the Pacific
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June 1943: Battle of Midway; Allies
stopped the Japanese after their code
was broken. Admiral Chester Nimitz
struck at the Japanese naval forces;
US reconnaissance led to an airbattle
and the destruction of 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers/250 airplanes/a cruiser
*this is a TURNING POINT in the war
in the Pacific. After this battle the US
begins to win the war
“Island Hopping in the Pacific
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After the Battle of Midway, the United States
launched a counter-offensive strike known as
"island-hopping," establishing a line of overlapping
island bases, as well as air control. The idea was to
capture certain key islands, one after another, until
Japan came within range of American bombers. Led
by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the
Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific, and Admiral
Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the
Pacific Fleet, the first stage of the offensive began
with the Navy under Nimitz, and Marine landings on
Guadalcanal and nearby islands in the Solomons.
Allies on the Offensive
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August 1942: Guadalcanal; US forces
fought for 6 months to take the island
and marked Japan’s first defeat on
land
“Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant
lizards as long as your leg, leeches falling from
trees to suck blood, armies of white ants with bites
of fire, scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they
touched, enormous rats and bats everywhere, and
rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour,
foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that
rotted a body within hours,…stinking wet heat of
dripping rain forests that sapped the strength of
any man.” Ralph G. Martin The GI War
Allied Offensive
October 1944: Battle of Leyte Island;
178,000 Allied troops/738 ships
Japanese used “kamikaze” (divine wind)
pilots in suicide missions to disrupt the
US advance at Leyte. In 3 days the
Japanese lost 3 battleships/4 aircraft
carriers/13 cruisers/500 airplanes.
After this battle the Japanese Navy plays
a minor role in defense of Japan
MacArthur returns to the Philippines
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Allied Offensive
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March 1945: Philippines are freed
February-March 1945: Battle of Iwo
Jima;
The Imperial Japanese Army positions on
the island were heavily fortified, with a
dense network of bunkers, hidden artillery
positions, and 11 miles of underground
tunnels. The Americans on the ground were
supported by extensive naval artillery and
complete air supremacy over Iwo Jima from
the beginning of the battle by U.S. Navy and
Marine Corps aviators.
Marine Memorial
Washington, DC
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Japanese combat deaths numbered three times the
number of American deaths, although uniquely in
the Pacific War, American total casualties (dead and
wounded) exceeded those of the Japanese. Of the
21,000 Japanese soldiers on Iwo Jima at the
beginning of the battle, only 216 were taken
prisoner, some of whom were captured because
they had been knocked unconscious or otherwise
disabled. The majority of the remainder were killed
in action, although it has been estimated that as
many as 3,000 continued to resist within the
various cave systems for many days afterwards,
eventually succumbing to their injuries or
surrendering weeks later.
6,000 Marines died taking this island, the most
deaths in a Pacific battle to date;
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Despite the bloody fighting and severe
casualties on both sides, the Japanese
defeat was assured from the start.
Overwhelming American superiority in
arms and numbers as well as complete
control of air power—coupled with the
impossibility of Japanese retreat or
reinforcement, along with sparse food
and supplies—permitted no plausible
circumstance in which the Americans
could have lost the battle
Battle at Okinawa
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April 1945: US Marines invaded
Okinawa; there were 1,900 kamikaze
attacks on the Allies sinking 30 US
ships, damaging 300 more, killing
5,000 seamen
April-June 1945: 7,600 US troops died;
110,000 Japanese killed defending
Okinawa. 2 Japanese Generals
committed ritual suicide over
surrender.
*foreshadowed Japanese invasion
WWII in the Pacific Maps
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http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e
ducation/worldwar2/theatres-ofwar/pacific/1939/
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/
books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u
8/
Japanese Americans
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Japanese &
Japanese
Americans were
put in “Internment
camps”
American propaganda
tended to use race to
stir up support for the
war effort
Japanese American Internment
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Heart Mountain Relocation
Center, January 10, 1943
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U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which granted
reparations for the internment of Japanese
Americans.
Many Japanese Americans were sent to
barracks of internment camps located
throughout the West
Japanese Americans living in other parts
of the nation, including Hawaii, did not
come under the order to go to internment
camps
In the case of Korematsu v. U.S. (1944),
the Supreme Court upheld the U.S.
government’s internment policy as
justified in wartime
Years later (1988), the federal
government agreed that an injustice had
been done and awarded financial
compensation to those who were interned
United States will fight a two
front war
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European front “European Theatre”- North
Africa, Italy, and northern France across
the western Europe to push the Germans
back into Germany
Pacific front “Pacific Theatre”- using air,
naval, and man power, “Island hopping” to
conquer Japanese forces
German “Wolf Packs”
hunted Allied shipping in the
Atlantic Ocean
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The term wolfpack refers to the mass-attack tactics against
convoys used by German U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the
Battle of the Atlantic, and by submarines of the United States Navy
against Japanese shipping in the Pacific Ocean in World War II.
Although the wolfpacks proved a serious threat to Allied shipping,
the Allies developed countermeasures to turn the U-boat
organization against itself. Most notably was the fact that wolfpacks
required extensive radio communication to coordinate the attacks.
This left the U-boats vulnerable to a device called the High
Frequency Direction Finder (HF/DF or "Huff-Duff") which allowed
Allied naval forces to determine the location of the enemy boats
transmitting and attack them. Also, effective air cover, both longrange planes with radar, and escort carriers and blimps, allowed Uboats to be spotted as they shadowed a convoy (waiting for the
cover of night to attack).
Allies in North Africa:
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Operation Torch
November 1942-May 1943: US/British
troops fight across Northern Africa against
German forces; 107,000 allied forces
engaged German General Erwin Rommel
(“Desert Fox” )
Dwight Eisenhower- Commander of US
troops
Why start in N. Africa?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/a
nimations/wwtwo_map_n_africa/index_em
bed.shtml
Dwight Eisenhower
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US Commander of
all US troops- North
Africa.
His plan was to
stop Hitler’s troops
in North Africa.
oil
The Casablanca Conference,
Morocco that took place from
January 14–24, 1943
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GRBR/US/USSR agree that there must
be an “unconditional surrender” by
GR/IT;
USSR wants GRBR/US to open up a
“second front” in Western Europe
while the USSR pushes GR forces from
the East;
Allies agree to begin European
invasion through Italy
The Italian Campaign
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Summer 1943: US forces attack Sicily;
Italians forced Mussolini out of power
GR invades IT in the North to prevent
Allies from taking the entire country;
Vicious fighting all the way up the
Italian peninsula: “Bloody Anzio” 40
miles south of Rome, lasted for 4
months. 25,000 Allied/30,000 GR
deaths.
IT is not freed until GR collapses in
1945
Heroes in Combat in Western Europe
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99th/Tuskegee Airmen: flew
fighters/bomber escorts for Allied air
forces
92nd Infantry division: “Buffaloes”
fought in segregated units
Company E/141st Regiment: MexicanAmerican unit
100th Battalion “Purple Heart
Battalion”: Japanese Americans
infantry
Allies Liberate Europe:
Operation Overlord
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Code name for the invasion of Europe
by Allies more commonly known as
“Normandy” or “Operation Over-lord”
or D-Day on June 6, 1944
Largest fleet of ships and men.
Normandy, France
Dwight Eisenhower is the Supreme
Commander of Allied Forces
What does the “D” in D-Day stand for?
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the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June
1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied
liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s
control.
156,000 American, British and Canadian forces
landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of
the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy
region.
The invasion was one of the largest amphibious
military assaults in history and required extensive
planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a
large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead
the Germans about the intended invasion target.
D-Day Map
D-Day Map
D-Day Map
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https://youtu.be/2ryDL7tuAwk
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https://youtu.be/_8uvGjOHFcs
https://youtu.be/lDZs442oqxA
Allies Gain Ground in Western
Europe 1944--
Battles of Western Europe
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· Operation Overlord: June–August 1944
· Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine: August–
September 1944
· Battle of Aachen: October 1944 * 1st German
town captured by Allies
· Battle of the Bulge: December 1944 – January
1945
· Western Allied invasion of Germany: February–
May 1945
Liberation of Paris
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The Liberation of Paris (also known as the
Battle for Paris) from 19 August 1944 until the
German garrison surrendered the French capital on
25 August 1944.
Paris had been ruled by Nazi Germany since the
signing of the Second Compiègne Armistice on 22
June 1940, after which the Wehrmacht occupied
northern and western France.
Allies allowed De Gaulle and the French Forces that
had fled France in 1940, to enter into Paris first,
then US/Allied forces moved through Paris on their
way to Northern France and other Western
European nations; fierce fighting continued in
France through 1944
Battle of the Bulge
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Early on the winter morning of Dec. 16, 1944, more
than 200,000 German troops and nearly 1,000
tanks launched Adolf Hitler's last bid to reverse the
ebb in his fortunes that had begun when Allied
troops landed in France on D-Day
Seeking to drive to the coast of the English
Channel and split the Allied armies as they had
done in May 1940, the Germans struck in the
Ardennes Forest, a 75-mile stretch of the front
characterized by dense woods and few roads, held
by four inexperienced and battle-worn American
divisions.
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The supreme Allied commander, Gen. Dwight D.
Eisenhower rushed reinforcements to stop the
German penetration.
Within days, Lt. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. had
turned his Third U.S. Army to the north and was
counterattacking against the German flank.
Patton's Third Army had relieved Bastogne, and in
the north, the 2nd U.S. Armored Division stopped
German tanks short of the Meuse River on
Christmas.
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Never again would Hitler be able to launch an
offensive in the west on such a scale. An admiring
British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill stated,
"This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of
the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an everfamous American victory." Indeed, in terms of
participation and losses, the Battle of the Bulge is
arguably the greatest battle in American military
history.
https://youtu.be/6WHr2Wf_Ly0
Battle of the Bulge
Interactive WWII in
Europe Map
World War II
European Theater
Prelude & November 1942-May 1945
General Omar Bradley
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US commander
Served under
Eisenhower
General at D-Day and
commanded the US
armed forces invading
Germany
“G.I. General”
5 star general
Stationed at Ft. Bliss
General George Patton
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US tank
commander under
Eisenhower
“Old Blood and
Guts”
Battle of the Bulgelargest battle of
WWII
“The Final Solution”
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BEFORE WORLD WAR II
In the years of Nazi rule before World War II, policies of
persecution and segregation targeting German Jews focused on
the goal of expulsion.
After the Nazi party seized power in 1933, state-sponsored
racism generated anti-Jewish legislation.
The Nuremberg Laws (1935) The Nazi leaders sought to drive
the Jews out of Germany by systematically isolating them from
German society and by eliminating them from the German
economy, removing any opportunity for them to make a living
in Germany.
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour,
which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between
Jews and Germans;
The Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of
German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens; the
remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship
rights.
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Books considered un-German, including those by Jewish
authors, were destroyed in a nationwide book burning;
Jewish citizens were harassed and subjected to violent
attacks.
Jewish businesses were “marked” with the Star of David and
the word Jude
Non-Jews gradually stopped socializing with Jews or shopping
in Jewish-owned stores
As Jews were no longer permitted to work in the civil service
or government-regulated professions such as medicine and
education, many middle class, business owners, and
professionals were forced to take menial employment.
Laws not aimed directly at Jews included the Law for the
Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, which called
for the compulsory sterilization of people with a range of
hereditary, physical, and mental illnesses.
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Under the Law against Dangerous Habitual Criminals,
habitual criminals were forced to undergo sterilization as
well. This law was also used to force the incarceration in
prison or Nazi concentration camps of "social misfits" such as
the chronically unemployed, prostitutes, beggars, alcoholics,
homeless vagrants, and Romani people.
Emigration was problematic, as Jews were required to turn
over 90 per cent of their wealth as a tax upon leaving the
country.
By 1938 it was almost impossible for potential Jewish
emigrants to find a country willing to take them. Mass
deportation schemes proved to be impossible for the Nazis to
carry out
Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be
exterminated. The total number of Jews murdered during the
resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5.5 to 6 million people
How did the Nazis know who was Jewish?
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German officials identified Jews residing in Germany
through census records, tax returns, synagogue
membership lists, parish records (for converted
Jews), routine but mandatory police registration
forms, the questioning of relatives, and from
information provided by neighbors and officials. In
territory occupied by Nazi Germany or its Axis
partners, Jews were identified largely through Jewish
community membership lists, individual identity
papers, captured census documents and police
records, and local intelligence networks.
http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=g
vKVLcMVIuG&b=394663#9
Kristallnacht
"Night of Broken Glass”
refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took
place on November 9 -10, 1938, throughout Germany,
Austria, and areas of the Sudetenland recently occupied by
German troops.
SA and Hitler Youth members across the country shattered the
shop windows of an estimated 7,500 Jewish-owned
commercial establishments and looted their wares. Jewish
cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many
regions. The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues
As the pogrom spread, units of the SS and Gestapo (Secret
State Police), arrested up to 30,000 Jewish males, and
transferred most of them from local prisons to Dachau,
Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps.
This is the first instance in which the Nazi regime incarcerated
Jews on a massive scale simply on the basis of their ethnicity.
Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal
treatment they endured.
ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION
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designed to deprive Jews of their property and of their means of
livelihood. Many of these laws enforced “Aryanization” policy—the
transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to “Aryan”
ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value.
Ensuing legislation barred Jews, already ineligible for employment in
the public sector, from practicing most professions in the private
sector.
German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending
German schools. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's
license or own an automobile. Legislation restricted access to public
transport. Jews could no longer gain admittance to “German”
theaters, movie cinemas, or concert halls.
Number of Deaths
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Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in
the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide
Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanis,
ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs,
communists, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and
the mentally and physically disabled. In total,
approximately 11 million people were killed, including
approximately one million Jewish children. Of the
nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before
the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed.
A network of about 42,500 facilities in Germany and
German-occupied territories were used to
concentrate victims for slave labor, mass murder, and
other human rights abuses. Over 200,000 people are
estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators.
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A network of concentration camps was established starting in
1933 and ghettos were established following the outbreak of
World War II in 1939.
In 1941, as Germany conquered new territory in eastern
Europe, specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen
were used to murder around two million Jews and "partisans",
often in mass shootings.
By the end of 1942, victims were being regularly transported by
freight trains to specially built extermination camps where, if
they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas
chambers.
The campaign of murder continued until the end of World War
II in Europe in April–May 1945.
Concentration, Labor, & Killing Camps

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https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/major
_camps.html
Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies
established more than 40,000 camps and other incarceration
sites. The Nazis used these sites for a range of purposes,
including forced labor, detention of people thought to be
enemies of the state, and mass murder. The total number of
sites is based upon ongoing research into the Nazi records.
The first concentration camps in Germany were established
soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January
1933. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA
(Sturmabteilungen; commonly known as Storm Troopers),
the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadrons—the elite guard
of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities
organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and
perceived political opponents of Nazi policy.
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Concentration camp commandants used prisoners as forced
laborers for SS construction projects such as the construction
or expansion of the camps themselves.
Labor camps were created to force those with a particular
skill to work for the Nazi war machine
The Killing camps were created specifically to kill as many
people as possible:
– Men/women/children separated upon entering the camps
– Names/numbers were checked off a list
– People had to leave their belongings, had their heads shaved, ordered to
strip down for a “shower”
– Sent to the showers to be “de-loused” but instead were gassed until
everyone in the room was dead
– Camp members who were “healthy” and worked in the camps for the
Nazis had to remove the bodies from the gas chambers, their mouths
were checked for gold/silver teeth and those teeth were taken and
melted down for the Nazi government.
– Bodies were burned in large ovens to hide the vast numbers of deaths
that were carried out on a daily basis.
Killing Camps
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To facilitate the "Final Solution" , the Nazis established killing
centers in Poland, the country with the largest Jewish
population. The killing centers were designed for efficient mass
murder. Chelmno, the first killing center, opened in December
1941.
The Nazis constructed gas chambers to increase killing
efficiency and to make the process more impersonal for the
Nazis and camp workers.
Auschwitz camp complex, had four gas chambers. During the
height of deportations to the camp, up to 6,000 Jews were
gassed there each day.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps
#List
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge
https://youtu.be/biCIqeibqlg
Liberation of the Camps

JULY 23, 1944
SOVIET FORCES LIBERATE MAJDANEK CAMP
Soviet forces are the first to approach a major Nazi
camp, reaching the Majdanek camp near Lublin,
Poland. Surprised by the rapid Soviet advance, the
Germans attempt to demolish the camp in an effort
to hide the evidence of mass murder. The camp
staff sets fire to the large crematorium at Majdanek,
but because of the hasty evacuation the gas
chambers are left standing. Soviet forces later
liberate Auschwitz (January 1945), Gross-Rosen
(February 1945), Sachsenhausen (April 1945),
Ravensbrueck (April 1945), and Stutthof (May
1945).
APRIL 11, 1945
AMERICAN FORCES LIBERATE BUCHENWALD
CAMP
US forces liberate the Buchenwald concentration
camp near Weimar, Germany, in April 1945, a few
days after the Nazis began evacuating the camp.
On the day of liberation, an underground prisoner
resistance organization seizes control of
Buchenwald to prevent atrocities by the retreating
camp guards. American forces liberate more than
20,000 prisoners at Buchenwald. American forces
also liberate the main camps of Dora-Mittelbau
(April 1945), Flossenbuerg (April 1945), Dachau
(April 1945), and Mauthausen (May 1945).
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APRIL 15, 1945
BRITISH FORCES LIBERATE
BERGEN-BELSEN CAMP
British forces enter the Bergen-Belsen
concentration camp, near Celle, Germany.
Some 60,000 prisoners, most in critical
condition because of a typhus epidemic,
are found alive. More than 10,000 die of
malnutrition or disease within a few
weeks
Copyright © United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC
http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/26/world/na
zi-death-camps/
Yalta Conference-1945

The Big Three: agree to
accept only an unconditional
surrender by Germany, and
began plans for a post-war
world. Stalin agreed to
permit free elections in
Eastern Europe and to enter
the Asian war against Japan,
for which he was promised
the return of lands lost to
Japan in the RussoJapanese War of 1904-05.
VE Day- Victory in Europe
May 8, 1945
.
Hitler’s suicide
On top of Hitler's
bunker
The entrance
World War II Pacific Front
General George C. Marshall

an American statesman and soldier,
famous for his leadership roles during
World War II and the Cold War. He
was Chief of Staff of the United States
Army under two U.S. Presidents, and
served as Secretary of State, and then
Secretary of Defense, under President
Harry S. Truman. He was hailed as the
"organizer of victory" by Winston
Churchill, the British Prime Minister, for
his leadership of the Allied victory in
World War II. Marshall served as the
United States Army Chief of Staff
during the war and as the chief military
adviser to President Franklin D.
Roosevelt.
United States & Australia
are the two nations still
fighting Japan in the Pacific
Douglas MacArthur
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US Military commander
in the Pacific
“Old soldiers never die,
they just fade away.”
He received the formal
Japanese surrender in
September 1945, V-J
Day.
Chester Nimitz
US commander of the Navy in the
Pacific.
 “Nimitz shifted to the offensive
and defeated the Japanese navy
in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the
Battle of Midway, and in the
Solomon Islands Campaign.
On October 7, 1943 he was
designated Commander in Chief,
Pacific Fleet, and Pacific Ocean
Areas. By Act of Congress,
approved December 14, 1944, the
grade of Fleet Admiral of the
United States Navy — the highest
grade in the Navy.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_
Nimitz

Flying Tigers

The nickname of U.S. fighter pilots, the
American Volunteer Group (AVG), who
fought against the Japanese in China
during World War II.
Code Talkers


Navajo Indians would send
transmissions for United States.
Japanese military never broke the
code.
Election of 1944

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Franklin D
Roosevelt-elected
for the 4th time.
Died in April 1945
Vice President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman 33rd President

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Vice President under
FDR
From Missouri
Distinguished captain
of WWI
1st Television
broadcasts (instead of
“Fireside chats”)
“The buck stops here.”
Manhattan Project

Code name for the
development of the Atomic
Bomb
• Manhattan Projectsuggested to FDR by
Einstein; efforts to develop
the atomic bomb created by
Robert Oppenheimer

Alamogordo New Mexico

Fat Man and Little Boynames of Atomic Bombs
Truman’s decision to use the Atomic
Bomb
• President Truman later wrote that he "regarded
the bomb as a military weapon and never had any
doubts that it should be used." His advisers had
warned him to expect massive casualties if the
United States invaded Japan. Truman believed it
was his duty as president to use every weapon
available to save American lives.
American Targets
The Fat Man
mushroom cloud
resulting from the
nuclear explosion
over Nagasaki
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
The mushroom
cloud over
Hiroshima after
the dropping of
Little Boy
Hiroshima-August 6,1945
Nagasaki August 9, 1945
V-J Day August 15, 1945
Theatres of WWII
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1 African and Middle Eastern Front
2 Mediterranean Front
3 Western Front
4 Atlantic
5 Eastern Front
6 Indian Ocean
7 Pacific Theatre
8 China
9 Southeast Asia
Women in the war effort
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Rosie the Riveter-symbol of women
making history working for victory.
Nurses
Hollywood cafe
USO
Pin up girls
Victory Girls
African Americans

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African Americans
were in segregated
units.
Most were cooks,
butlers, and fighting
units.
Tuskegee Airmen
Vernon Baker

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One of the first
African American
soldiers to see
combat.
Congressional
Medal of Honor
Mexican Americans
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Zoot suits. 1942

Many Mexican Americans worked in
defense related industries-over 300,000
served in the military
A 1942 agreement with Mexico
allowed Mexican farmworkers, known
as braceros, to enter the U.S. in the
harvest season without immigration
paperwork
The sudden influx of Mexican
immigrants into Los Angeles stirred
white resentment and led to the “zoot
suit” riots in the summer of 1943
Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam
Conference, 1945. The Big
Three—Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin, British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill
(replaced on July 26 by
Prime Minister Clement
Attlee), and U.S. President
Harry Truman—met in
Potsdam, Germany, from
July 17 to August 2, 1945,
to negotiate terms for the
end of World War II.
United Nations (UN)

Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco April-June 1945 to
complete the Charter of the United Nations. In addition to the General
Assembly of all member states and a Security Council of 5 permanent
and 6 non-permanent members, the Charter provided for an 18member Economic and Social Council, an International Court of
Justice, a Trusteeship Council to oversee certain colonial territories,
and a Secretariat under a Secretary General. The Roosevelt
administration strove to avoid Woodrow Wilson’s mistakes in selling
the League of Nations to the Senate. It sought bipartisan support and
in September 1943 the Republican Party endorsed U.S. participation in
a postwar international organization, after which both houses of
Congress overwhelmingly endorsed participation. Roosevelt also
sought to convince the public that an international organization was
the best means to prevent future wars. The Senate approved the UN
Charter on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2. The United Nations
came into existence on October 24, 1945, after 29 nations had ratified
the Charter.
The War’s Legacy
The most destructive war in the history of the world
had profound effects on all nations, including the
United States, in the subsequent years following the
war
(1) The war cost 300,000 Americans lives and 800,000
wounded
(2) The dollar cost was over $320 billion
(3) The United Nations was created to find a peaceful
solution to future conflicts, when delegates from the
United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, China
and 46 other nations assembled in San Francisco. The
U.N. charter was ratified by the U.S. Senate on
October 24, 1945.

World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in
absolute terms of total dead. Over 60 million people were killed,
which was about 3% of the 1940 world population. World War II
fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total dead ranging from
50 million to more than 80 million. The higher figure of over 80
million includes deaths from war-related disease and famine.
Civilians killed totaled 50 to 55 million, including 19 to 28 million
from war-related disease and famine. Total military dead: from
21 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million
prisoners of war.
Unit 10 WWII Study Guide
10 Matching
30 Multiple Choice
Matching:
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Flying Tigers
Tuskegee Airmen
Patton
Eisenhower
Good Neighbor Policy
Atlantic Charter
Blitzkrieg
Rationing
Multiple Choice:
 Pearl Harbor
 Operation Torch
 Battle of the Bulge
 D Day
 Hiroshima/Nagasaki
 Internment camps
 VE Day; VJ Day
 Stalingrad; Midway
 Bradley; Nimitz
 Manhattan Project
 Code Talkers