Transcript WWII Ppt - Taylor County Schools

World War II
1939 - 1945
Fascism
Fascism is a political philosophy
which is anti-democratic & anticommunist. It is characterized by
nationalism and militarism.
It puts the importance of the nation
above the rights of the individual.
Rise of Fascism
Fascist dictators
began to take over in
parts of Europe in the
1920’s and 1930’s
due to bad economic
conditions created by
WWI and the Great
Depression.
Italy
Benito Mussolini became the Prime
Minister of Italy in 1922. He used this
position to outlaw all non-fascist
political parties and soon became and
dictator.
Germany
Adolph Hitler became the
Chancellor of Germany in
January, 1933.
Through a variety of
manipulative actions,
Hitler soon dismantled the
German republic and
became a fascist dictator.
“Nature is cruel, so we may be cruel, too… I have
the right to remove millions of an inferior race that
breeds like vermin”
-Hitler
Hitler wanted to conquer or
exterminate those he felt
were inferior to Germans and
create a master Aryan race.
He wanted to create a “Third
Reich” that united all Germanspeaking people and provided
“living space” for Germans in
Eastern Europe.
Why did Germany, which had a
democratic government in the 1920’s,
become a totalitarian state in the
1930’s?
How could a ruthless, hate-filled dictator
gain the enthusiastic support of a nation
of people?
Europe Moves Toward War
1936: German troops
moved into the
Rhineland. This was
prohibited by the Treaty
of Versailles.
1936: Hitler and
Mussolini signed an
alliance, creating the
Axis.
The Spanish Civil War
(1936-39) Spanish Civil War: Fascist
forces, aided by Italy and Germany, take
over Spain. (WWII dress rehearsal).
Appeasement
1935-1938, Germany annexed or invaded
Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, and
Czechoslovakia.
Britain and France felt that if they allowed Hitler
to control of these lands, he would be
satisfied, and war would be avoided. Instead,
this policy encouraged his aggression
Appeasement: a policy of giving concessions in
exchange for peace.
War in Europe Begins
March 1939: Britain and France agreed to
protect Poland in case of a German invasion.
August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact – secret agreement for Germans &
Soviets to divide Poland
Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invaded Poland, starting
WWII.
Sept, 3, 1939: Britain and France declared war
on Germany. Italy later declared war on them.
“Blitzkrieg”
Hitler used blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) during
his invasion of Poland.
Blitzkrieg included surprise attacks, rapid
advances into enemy territory, and massive
air attacks that struck and shocked the
enemy.
Germany achieved most of its victories in
World War II with the Blitzkrieg tactic.
Blitzkrieg
“Phony War”
The Maginot Line was a line of defensive
fortifications built after WWI to protect
France against an invasion by Germany.
Britain sent troops to wait with the French
down behind the Maginot Line.
Reporters called this quiet time of not much
action (Winter-Spring ‘39-’40) the “phony war”
Maginot Line
Early Axis Triumphs
In April 1940 the quiet time of the war
exploded into action:
Hitler launched a series of blitzkrieg.
Norway and Denmark fell.
Germany overran the Netherlands and
Belgium.
Germany, along with Italy, forced France to
surrender in June, 1940.
“Blitzkrieg: German soldiers being parachuted into Holland - May
10, 1940”
Germans invaded France in May 1940
Britain stands alone!
June 22, 1940, France signs an armistice (cease fire or
truce) with Germany in occupied France.
The Franco-German Armistice divided France into two
zones: One under German military occupation and the
other under French control.
By 1942 Germans occupied all of France
Hitler’s Major Blunder
Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk and found
themselves trapped between the advancing Nazis and the
English Channel. Their capture could mean the end of the war.
(5/27-6/4/1940)
The British sent every boat they could get across the English
Channel to pick up troops off the beaches. The rescue of
338,000 men became known as the “Miracle of Dunkirk.”
Questions
What was the immediate cause of World War II?
Describe the German concept of the “blitzkrieg”.
Where were early Axis triumphs?
What was the miracle at Dunkirk?
What was the significance of June 22, 1940?
The Japanese Empire
Japan wanted to expand to meet the land
needs of a growing population and to
obtain more raw materials and markets for
its industries.
1931: Japan seized Manchuria
1937-40: Japan seized most of east China
Sept. 1940: Japan joins the tripartite pact,
becoming an ally of Italy and Germany.
America and WWII
America initially stayed out of the war,
but began a naval build up in the Pacific
to counter the expansion of Japan.
1939: FDR moved the Pacific fleet from
San Diego to Pearl Harbor.
Disillusionment from WWI and the Great
Depression contributed to the popularity
of isolationism in America.
Internationalism
FDR was not an isolationist, but he
knew the American public strongly
supported that view, so he did not veto
Neutrality Acts.
FDR supported Internationalism
instead, the belief that trade between
nations creates prosperity and helps to
prevent war.
United States Reacts to War
Debate 1940: Isolationist or Internationalist?
Isolationists
America First
Committee
“Intervention is
detrimental to U.S.
interests”
Charles A.
Lindbergh
Internationalists
Committee to Defend
America
Best way to keep US out
of war is to Help allies
fight the Germans
Roosevelt is
sympathetic
Neutrality Acts: 1935 - 1939
Goal: Protect US from events which had pressured
U.S. to enter WWII
Requirements:
1.Can not sell weapons to aggressor OR victim
2.President has power to warn American citizens that
traveling on ships of warring nations is at own risk.
3.made it impossible for the US to give loans to
nations at war
4.Cash and Carry Policy – those in a fight could
purchase only non-military goods from the US, but
had to pay cash and carry goods away on their own
vessels.
Election of 1940
FDR decides to Run for a third term
Emergency situation:
- War in Europe
- Problems in Asia
- Wants to protect New Deal reforms
Ran against Wendell Willkie
FDR Wins- then begins the
process of preparing for war:
- Peacetime Draft
- Armaments build up
FDR Wins Unprecedented 3rd
Term
“Arsenal of Democracy”
FDR sought indirect ways to help the British
in their fight against Fascism.
March 1941: Lend-Lease began. U.S.
extends “Cash and Carry” to military goods
to help allies.
- Britain doesn’t have cash to pay for weapons, so
U.S. “lends” weapons on promise G.B. will
return or pay U.S. back after the war.
- US Ships secretly supported British Navy by
searching and reporting on U-boat locations)
FDR’s“Four Freedoms” Speech
Represents FDR’s view that America needs to prepare for
war and support Britain.
“The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God
in his own way--everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want--which, translated into
world terms, means economic understandings which will
secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its
inhabitants-everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated into
world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to
such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation
will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression
against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.”
The Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
Churchill & FDR secretly met on a ship off Newfoundland’s
coast to agree on war goals, since both foresaw the U.S.
joining the Allies soon.
US and GB declared that they were fighting the Axis powers to
"ensure life, liberty, independence and religious freedom and to
preserve the rights of man and justice."
Agreed to ensure sovereignty
for all nations
Served as a foundation for
the later establishment of
the United Nations (UN)
America gets closer to war
Mid 1941: Japanese forces seized
French territories in Indochina.
In response, the US froze Japanese
assets in the US and cut off all trade
with Japan.
Americans began to crack the Japanese
secret code and intercepted messages
saying that Japan was planning to seize
more islands in the Pacific.
Problems in the Pacific
October 1941: General Tojo became
Prime Minister of Japan and wanted war
with the US.
Nov. 1941: The US intercepted
messages showing that a Japanese
force was moving towards SE Asia to
take more land.
FDR demanded that it be recalled and
that Japan withdraw from conquered
territories.
Pearl Harbor
Japanese negotiators agreed to meet with
US diplomats.
While they met, the Japanese sent a fleet
to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to destroy the
US Pacific fleet.
Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese forces attacked
Pearl Harbor killing 2,400, wounding
1,200, and destroying 300 U.S. planes, 18
warships, and 8 of the 9 U.S. battleships.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBWWZ-ZEydc
WAR!
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1kixqRwvK0
America’s Response to Pearl Harbor
Dec. 8, 1941: FDR delivered a war
message to Congress. Within 3 days,
U.S. was at war with Japan, Germany,
& Italy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yP8ApbiZ5l8
Germany was considered to be biggest
threat, thus became focus of first phase
of American war action
Then Japan
A Grim Future for the Allies
In Jan. 1942, the Axis powers had a big
advantage in Europe. By then, Britain
was almost defeated, the Axis
controlled almost all of continental
Europe, and German troops had
captured most of North Africa.
German subs were trying to keep food
and supplies from reaching Britain.
The Battle of the Atlantic
American and British
ships fought to
maintain control of
the Atlantic and
protect Britain from
defeat.
Allied ships used
Sonar to locate and
attack German subs.
Liberty Ships
The basic cargo ship used during WWII, it was
relatively cheap and quickly made because
most were welded instead of riveted.
The cargo vessels traveled in groups (convoys)
escorted by navy warships to avoid German uboat attacks.
The North African Campaign
Nov. 1942: British win the Battle of El
Alamein in Egypt. This starts the retreat
of German General Rommel (Desert
Fox).
Nov. 1942: U.S. and British troops
commanded by Dwight Eisenhower
landed in Morocco.
Eventually the two allied armies met,
forcing a German surrender in Africa.
Casablanca Conference
January 1943: FDR and Churchill met
in Casablanca, Morocco.
They agreed to win the war in Europe
before concentrating on the Pacific.
They agreed to demand only an
unconditional surrender from all of the
Axis powers.
The Invasion of Italy
July, 1943: U.S. troops commanded by
General George Patton attacked Sicily.
38 days later, Sicily fell and Mussolini was
overthrown by a disillusioned Italian
population.
Hitler controlled Northern Italy, and Italian
and German troops continued to fight the
Allies.
War in Italy
Sept. 1943: Italy surrendered to the allies,
and many Italians began to fight against
Mussolini’s supporters and Hitler.
Sept. 1943 - Jan. 1944: US forces are
stalled by Hitler’s troops .
Finally in January, the US landed forces
behind the German lines at Anzio, just
South of Rome.
Anzio
The Battle of Anzio
Anzio was one of the longest protracted
battles of the war (4 mos.) with over 25,000
battle casualties on each side of the conflict.
Soon after, Rome fell to the Allies.
Northern Italy finally surrendered to the Allies
in April, 1945, after 190,000 Americans and
483,000 Germans died there.
Tuskegee Airmen
group of African American pilots under
command of Benjamin O. Davis
Known for having an
excellent combat record,
but their crowning
achievement was their
near perfect record
escorting bombers and
airborne military
missions in Italy.
other
War in the Soviet Union
June, 1941: Germany attacked the Soviet
Union with 3.6 million German soldiers.
The USSR asked the US for lend-lease help,
but FDR was reluctant at first, not wanting to
help a Communist nation.
Eventually, the USSR repelled the German
attack, a temporary victory.
Sept. 1942: the Germans attacked
Stalingrad, a major oil and railroad center.
The Battle of Stalingrad
From September to November, 1942,
the Germans shelled and attacked the
city of Stalingrad.
The USSR refused to surrender the city
and house - to - house fighting saved
the city from defeat.
By late November, the USSR launched
a counteroffensive and began to win the
battle.
A Turning Point
Jan. 31, 1943: 90,000 surviving
German soldiers surrendered to the
Soviet army in Stalingrad.
This was the turning point of the war in
the east: after this the USSR never lost
another battle, and the Germans did not
launch any more offensives in the east.
War in W. Europe
1942: US began carpet bombing Germany
1943: the amount of bombs dropped in
Germany doubled.
1944: US was bombing Germany 24 hours-aday.
D-Day
June 6, 1944: Allied troops commanded by
Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy
and began the invasion of Western Europe and the
liberation of France.
Despite brutal German resistance, 2 million allied
soldiers occupied France by July.
Normandy Invasion: largest amphibious
operation in history
Normandy Invasion
The US Frees W. Europe
American forces freed
Paris by August,
1944.
In Sept., Belgium and
Holland were freed
from Nazi control.
The Battle of the Bulge
Dec. 1944: Germany launched its last
offensive in the war, attacking
Americans in Belgium and Luxembourg
with nearly a half million troops.
This was the largest and bloodiest battle
fought by the United States in World
War II
The Battle of the Bulge
The US won the battle, suffering nearly
100,000 casualties, making it the
costliest action ever fought by the U.S.
Army.
After their offensive failed, the Germans
realized the war was lost.
Battle of the
Bulge
German Surrender
Americans continued to bomb Germany and attack
from the Western front, while the Soviets continued
attacks on Germany from the East.
US forces liberated Dachau and Buchenwald in
April,1945, confronting unspeakable conditions in
the Nazi concentration camps.
Only after Allies liberated the concentration camps
was the full scope of Nazi horrors exposed to the
world.
Dachau
May 8,
1945:
V-E
Day
The Yalta Conference
Feb. 1945: The “Big Three” met at
Yalta in the USSR to plan the post-war
world. (FDR dies of natural causes April 12th)
Yalta Conference
All agreed to split Germany into 4 zones
of occupation and to also split the
capital city, Berlin.
Stalin promised to allow free elections in
the nations his army liberated from
Germany.
Stalin agreed to enter the war against
Japan soon after the German surrender.
War in the Pacific
War in the Pacific
On Dec. 7, 1941, about one-half of
General MacArthur’s air force was
destroyed on the ground at Clark Air
Field in the Philippines.
Within days, a large Japanese force
landed in the Philippines and MacArthur
withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula on
Manila Bay. There he set up defenses,
hoping the US Navy could evacuate his
men to safety.
The Philippines
By March, 1942, FDR ordered General
MacArthur to escape to Australia. He left
with the words: “I shall return.”
On May 6, 1942, 11,000 Americans and
Filipinos surrendered. When the Bataan
Peninsula fell, approx. 76,000 Filipinos
and Americans became prisoners of war.
Bataan Death March
Japanese soldiers split the prisoners
into groups of 500-1000 and marched
them 60 miles to a railroad.
About 10,000 prisoners died during the
6 -12 day march and some were shot by
the guards.
Those who survived were shipped to
prison camps where they were held
captive for the rest of the war.
Bataan
The Japanese
general
responsible for
organizing the
march was one of
6 Japanese
executed for war
crimes after the
war.
Japanese Expansion
Japanese forces continued to expand
and were not stopped by allied forces
until the Battle of the Coral Sea in May,
1942
This battle fought entirely with planes
from aircraft carriers. Enemy ships
never came within sight of one another.
Battle of the Coral Sea
Although both the US and
the Japanese navy lost
about 1/2 of their forces,
this battle stopped the
Japanese from
establishing the bases
they needed to invade
Australia.
The Battle of Midway
June 4, 1942: This battle was also fought
entirely from the air.
The US destroyed 3 of the 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers while they were still loading
bombs in their planes. This carried with it
the loss of 250 Japanese planes.
This was the last Japanese offensive, and
considered the turning point in the war in
the Pacific.
Battle of Guadalcanal
1st US offensive of the Pacific war.
August 1942: 11,000 US Marines
landed at Guadalcanal in the Solomon
Islands and about 2,200 Japanese fled
into the jungle. They fought there for 3
months.
Feb. 1943: Japan finally abandoned
Guadalcanal.
Navajo Code Talkers
Sending military messages that could not be
broken by the enemy became increasingly
difficult, especially in the Pacific Theater.
This group created and communicated in what
remains perhaps the
only military code in
history that was
indecipherable
to enemy intelligence
Island-Hopping
From February 1943 on, the US forces
began to selectively attack enemy-held
islands in the Pacific.
The Japanese fiercely defended their
positions and both sides suffered heavy
casualties.
Island Hopping Strategy
American Offensives
The US first captured the rest of the
Solomon islands and then the Gilbert
islands.
After seizing the island of Tarawa in the
Gilbert islands, it was used by US
Admiral Nimitz to launch bombing raids
on Japanese bases in the Marshall
islands.
More US Offensives
By Feb. 1944, the US had crippled
Japanese air power and seized the
Marshall islands.
By June, 1944, the US captured parts of
the Mariana Islands.
The Mariana Islands were important
because they enabled US planes to
bomb Japanese cities.
The Philippines
Mid-October 1944: US forces invaded
the Philippine island of Leyte. Although
the US quickly captured the island, a
huge naval battle ensued.
The Japanese used kamikaze pilots for
the 1st time in this battle.
The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest
in Naval history, engaging more than
280 warships. As a result of the battle,
the Japanese navy was virtually
destroyed.
Japanese Kamikazes
Japanese kamikazes were suicide pilots
who crashed their planes which were
heavily loaded with bombs into allied
ships.
During the war, the US experienced
about 4,900 kamikaze attacks which
destroyed 57 American ships and
damaged about 650 others.
A
Kamikaze
Pilot
The Philippines
After securing Leyte, the US invaded
Luzon in an attempt to capture Manila,
the capital city of the Philippines.
In one month’s time, 100,000 Filipinos
died, 80,000 Japanese died, and 27,000
Americans also perished.
The US did not fully secure the
Philippines until June, 1945.
The Battle of Iwo Jima
The battle for this 14 square mile island
was one of the bloodiest battles of the
war (about 6,000 American soldiers
killed and another 19,000 injured)
25,000 Japanese protected the small
rocky island and it took over 110,000
Americans to defeat them. Only 216
Japanese surrendered--the rest died.
More US medals of honor were given
for this battle than any other single
battle of the war.
Marines Raising the US Flag
at Iwo Jima
American Offensives
Iwo Jima was located about 700 miles
from Japan. Its capture was another
step toward an eventual invasion of the
Japanese home islands.
The next island to fall to the Americans
was Okinawa, which was located about
350 miles from Japan.
Battle of Okinawa
April-June 1945: In another bloody
battle, nearly 100,000 Japanese
defended the island from an allied force
of 180,000 soldiers and 1,300 warships.
Japanese kamikazes launched nearly
2,000 attacks against the British and
American fleets.
This was the single bloodiest battle of
the Pacific war with nearly 50,000 allied
deaths and 93,000 Japanese deaths.
Okinawa
The Bombing of Hiroshima
August 6, 1945: On
President Harry
Truman’s orders, the
Enola Gay dropped an
atomic bomb on the
city of Hiroshima.
It destroyed about 90%
of the city and killed
about 140,000 people.
Nagasaki
When the bombing of Hiroshima did not
elicit an immediate surrender from the
Japanese government, a 2nd atomic
bomb was dropped 3 days later on
Nagasaki .
This bomb was equally destructive and
led to a Japanese surrender.
V-J Day
August 14, 1945: Japan agreed to an
unconditional surrender.
The formal surrender was signed on
September 2, 1945 on the USS Missouri
in Tokyo Bay, officially ending WWII.
The Results of the War
After the defeat of the Axis powers, all
territories that had been taken over by
Japan were returned to their pre-war
status.
All of the German-occupied territories were
supposed to be given free elections, but
only the W. European nations became
democratic. Stalin refused to honor the
Yalta agreements and made E. Europe into
a series of Communist dictatorships.
World War II Allied Deaths
Nation
Military
Civilian
Total
France
122,000
470,000
592,000
Britain
305,800
60,600
366,400
US
405,400
0
405,400
USSR
11,000,000 6,700,000
17,700,000
World War II Axis Deaths
Nation
Military
Civilian
Total
2,350,000
5,600,000
226,900
60,000
286,900
1,740,000
393,400
2,133,400
Germany 3,250,000
Italy
Japan