America and the WOrld
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Transcript America and the WOrld
AMERICA
AND THE WORLD
Danielle Garceau
Unit 10; Chapters 27 & 28
1920-1945
OLITICAL
Retreat from Progressivism
The Harding Administration (1921-1923): laissez faire
government; return to “normalcy”
The “Ohio Gang”: group of men loyal to Harding appointed to
powerful government positions; abused power
Teapot Dome Scandal (1922): accepted bribes to lease out petroleum reserves
at Teapot Dome to large, private oil companies
Bonus Bill Veto (1922): Harding claimed balancing the budget
takes precedence over the nation's debt to veterans of WW1
The Coolidge Administration (1923-1929): laissez faire
and isolation from foreign conflicts; felt he was unfit to
run the country
The Hoover Administration (1929-1933): isolationism;
worked towards bettering the people during the
Depression
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): raised tariffs on imported goods to a
record high; cut American imports and exports by more than a
half
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): brought faith,
courage, and confidence through his terms (showed
personal adversity by his polio)
DEOLOGICAL/INTELLECTUAL
Urbanism v. Suburbanism
Garveyism: black nationalism
Urbanism: consumerism and modernization in cities
Suburbanism: resisted annexation to the cities
Materialism and Consumerism: people using money more for
pleasure rather than for need; due to technological breakthroughs
(commercial travel, radio, adverstisments) (Urbanism)
African-Americans should take pride in their own achievements and
to develop an awareness of their African heritage – reject white
assimilation
Red Scare: fear of communism in the United States due to
the growing Soviet Union and communism in the world
Led to violence and arrests of innocents – Palmer Raids
Convicted and arrested (possibly killed) if suspected of communism
ELIGION
Retreat from formal religion – began going out and
expanding boundaries of values (Flappers)
KKK: terrorized all non-Protestants
Great Migration: African-Americans moved into cities
due to lack of jobs and discrimination
RTISTIC
The Harlem Renaissance: black culture of literature and
art
Langston Hughes
Coming of the Jazz Age: new carefree, primarily black
popular culture
ECHNOLOGY
New home appliances to reduce servants and women
can take care of the household on their own
New military technology by the National Defense
Research Committee:
Development of sonar and radar capabilities (the centimetric
radar)
4-engine bombers that could last longer that German ones
Gee navigation system: helped plot exact locations – doubled
bombing accuracy rate
Enigma machine: constantly changed coding systems to prevent
information from being deciphered.
American Magic Operation (1941): device called “Purple” that
would break Japanese coding system
Ultra project: intelligence gathering
The Manhattan Project (1942-46): developed the atomic bomb
OCIAL
African-Americans gained new job opportunities and could enlist
in the army; still endured heavy discrimination (Detroit Race Riots
of 1943)
Native Americans assimilated to white culture
Zoo-Suit Riots (LA 1943): white servicemen attacked Mexican-American servicemen (grew
to growing tensions) because of their unpatriotic “zoo-suits”
Women gained more job opportunities
Left reservations to work in factories or become “code talkers” for the military (Navajo
code)
Mexican-Americans moved to work in factories where there was a labor shortage;
tensions
Fair Employment Practices Commission created to investigate and
make right labor discrimination
Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon that represented the American women
who worked in factories during World War II
Became romanticized by men at war – pinups (Betty Grable)
Teens began dropping out of school to get jobs or enroll in the
military (1/3)
Increased prosperity led to more attendance at movies, dance
halls, and casinos and more circulation of magazines and
newspapers
UPREME COURT CASES
Coronado Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers (1922): striking
unions were deemed in restraint of trade
More to promote the economy than the workers’ rights
Maple Floor Association v. US (1929): Anti-union groups
were ruled not to be in restraint of trade
*Government returned to pro-business
EOPLE
Increase in African-Americans’ and women’s rights activity
Women began becoming more individualized
Flappers: individual and assertive women who were more scandelous
than tradition (in cities); short hair, short skirts, smoked, drank, more
open about sex, etc.
OREIGN (TIMELINE)
1922: The Washington Conference: goal was naval disarmament
and to settle the Asia conflict
5-Power Pact: established limits on naval battleships by nation and
power (US & GB:5, Japan:3, FR & Italy: 1.67), Japan got US and GB
guarantee that they would stop fortifying their Far East territories
1924: Dawes/Young Plan: new financial system; US loans →
Germany to pay debt from WW1→ GB & France to pay debt → US
Loophole: no mention on small warships
Also lowered payments and extended the amount of time they’ll have
to pay back ($26.3 billion in 58.5 years)
1925: Locarno Pact: guaranteed Germany’s western boundaries as
specified at Versailles 1919
1928: Clark Memorandum : US would not intervene in Latin
American affairs to protect US property rights
1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact: outlawed war as an instrument of
national policy – no way to enforce
1931: Hoover declares debt moratorium
1931: Japan attacks Manchuria, China and leaves the League of
nations
OREIGN (TIMELINE)
1932: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize any
territorial acquisitions gained by force
1933: FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: attempt to create cooperation
with Latin America non-violently and by non-intervention
1933: US recognizes the Soviet Union
Led to Japanese 1932 bombing of Shanghai
In order to gain Soviet Union on their side of the war against Japan
1934-36: Nye Committee Hearings: discovered that big businesses
tricked Wilson into entering WW1 in order to protect their
international interests
1935: Hitler denounced Versailles and League of Nations;
Mussolini attacks Ethiopia
1936: Germany arms Rhineland, Fascists v. Communists in
Spanish Civil War
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37
Prohibited sales of arms, loans, credit, and travel to belligerent nations
Cash-and-Carry: nations not in war could trade with US but had to pay
in cash and carry the goods on their own ships
OREIGN (TIMELINE)
1937: Panay Incident: Japanese bombed USS Panay on the Yangtze
R. to test US resolve
1938: AXIS created (Italy, Germany, Japan); Munich Agreement (GB,
France, Hitler): Hitler can take the part of Czechoslovakia he wants,
but it will be the very last land taken & no more aggression
1939: Germany takes all of Czechoslovakia; Sept. 1st march into
Poland – Turning Point for US, start of WW1
1939: US begins the Manhattan Project
Neutrality Act of 1939: Aggressors could not send ships to buy US
munitions, but would supply other countries – made jobs
Japanese apologized, gave US money, and promised no further attacks –
US accepted due to isolationism
US becomes “Arsenal of Democracy”
1940: “America First” Committee created (Charles Lindbergh):
isolationism; put America first
1940: German ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightning war – enormous power) in
Belgium, Holland, and France
1940: British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone
invasion plans
1st battle by German air; first major German defeat
OREIGN (TIMELINE)
1941: Lend-Lease Act: will lend to countries in need of supplies; US
would receive lease of land from countries it helped
FDR restricted trade of goods and oil to Japan
Japan had to either expand or give into US demands
1941: Atlantic Conference (GB & US): to decide postwar goals;
started being called the United Nations
1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the war
1942: Battle of Stalingrad begins(Russia, months without supplies
and many casualties) and El Alamein (Egypt, first appearance by US
– German victory)
1942: Battle of Midway; changing point in Pacific War – US begins
Guadalcanal campaign and “Island Hopping” strategy
1942: Mass murdering of Jews at Auschwitz begins
1943: German surrender at Stalingrad – first major defeat
1943: Allied victory in North Africa (Patton and Montgomery)
1943: Tehran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin): to finalize plans to
open 2nd front in Europe
1943: US victory in Guadalcanal campaign and goes on offensive
OREIGN (TIMELINE)
June 6, 1944: D Day: Allied invasion of France – liberation of Paris
1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germans try to surprise Allies – failed
1944: Guam and Philippines liberated, US bombs Iwo Jima,
decimates Japanese Navy at Leyte Gulf
1945: Yalta Conference: final plans to defeat Germany and plan
post-war Europe
1945: Auschwitz liberated by Soviet Troops
April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide
May 8, 1945: V-E Day: German full surrender
1945: Potsdam Conference (Truman, Atlee, Stalin): plan action on
Japan and post-war Germany
August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 8, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
August 14, 1945: Japanese surrenders
September 2, 1945: V-J Day: Japanese makes surrender official, end
of WW2.