Transcript Chapter 23
Chapter 32 (p. 922-953) Germany Moves on Poland Surprise attack on September 1, 1939 France and Great Britain declare war on September 3 Germany Moves on Poland Poland fell before those nations could make a military response Hitler annexed the western half of Poland Blitzkrieg Lightening War Use of fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces to take enemy defenders by surprise and quickly overwhelm them Soviets Move on Poland September 17, Stalin sent Soviet troops to occupy the eastern half of Poland Annexed countries to the north of Poland Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia fell without struggle Finland resisted- does not surrender until March 1940 Germany Moves on France Dunkirk Retreat Resistance Crumbles By June 14, Germans have taken Paris June 22, 1040- French leaders surrender Germany took control of the northern part of France Left the southern part in control of a puppet government Charles de Gaulle French general Sets up a government-in-exile in London Britain Stands Alone “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and on the streets… we shall never surrender.” - Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister Battle of Britain Hitler’s plan: take out the Royal Air Force (RAF) and land more than 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores Summer 1940German Luftwaffe (air force) began bombing Great Britain Battle of Britain RAF hit back hard Two technological devices helped turn the tide: Radar Enigma Battle of Britain Battle of Britain Hitler called off his attacks Lesson of the Battle of Britain: Hitler’s attacks could be blocked Mussolini Gets Involved Italy had remained neutral Declared war on Great Britain and moves into France While Battle of Britain is raging, Mussolini orders his army to attack British controlled Egypt North Africa Suez Canal = key to oil fields in Middle East British defend and take 130,000 Italians prisoner Hitler has to step in and save Italy The Desert Fox Afrika Korps- German tank force led by General Erwin Rommel British retreat to Tobruk, Libya Rommel pushes the British back and seizes Tobruk Shattering loss for the Allies The Balkans Hitler wanted to build bases in Southeastern Europefor an attack on the Soviet Union “Persuaded” Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary to join the Axis powers Threat of force The Balkans Yugoslavia and Greece resisted Hitler invaded both Yugoslavia fell in 11 days Greece surrendered in 17 days Operation Barbarossa “Red Beard” Hitler’s plan to invade the Soviet Union June 22, 1941invasion begins Operation Barbarossa “Red Beard” Soviet Union was not prepared Largest army in the world Not well equipped or well trained Operation Barbarossa Scorched-Earth Germans pushed 500 miles inside the Soviet Union Scorched-earth strategy Operation Barbarossa Leningrad Under Siege September 8Leningrad under siege Early Novembercity is entirely cut off from the rest of the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa Leningrad Under Siege Hitler planned to starve the city’s more than 2.5 million inhabitants Nearly 1 million people died during the winter of 194142 but the city refused to fall Operation Barbarossa Moscow Soviet Union’s capital and heart- Moscow Nazi army reach the outskirts in December Soviet army counterattacked Germans retreated “No retreat!” Operation Barbarossa Results Hitler’s advance on the Soviet Union gained nothing but cost the Germans 500,000 lives U.S. Neutrality Acts Lend-Lease Act March 1941 President could lend or lease arms and any other supplies to any country vital to the U.S. Lend-Lease Act By summer 1941, U.S. Navy was escorting British ships carrying U.S. arms In response, Hitler ordered submarines to sink any cargo ships they met The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and issued a joint declaration Upheld free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government Will later serve as the Allies’ peace plan for the end of the war Shoot on Sight September 4- German Uboat fired on a U.S. destroyer in the Atlantic FDR orders navy commanders to shoot German submarines on sight The U.S. is now involved in an undeclared naval war with Hitler Japan Dreams of building an empire Looks to rich European colonies of Southeast Asia This would threaten U.S.-controlled Guam and Philippine Islands U.S. aids China and cuts off oil shipments to Japan Japan continues attacks and British and Dutch colonies “A dagger pointed at [Japan’s] throat” Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto calls for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii Day of Infamy December 7, 1941 U.S. military knew from a coded Japanese message that an attack would happen- but not when or where Day of Infamy Within 2 hours, the Japanese had sunk or damaged 19 ships including 8 battleships More than 2,300 Americans were killed and over 1,100 wounded Day of Infamy News of the attacks stunned the American people FDR addressed congress the next day U.S. declares war on Japan Japanese Victories Japanese launch raids on British colony of Hong Kong and American-controlled Guam and Wake Island and Thailand Guam and Wake Island quickly fell Japanese take the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, and Burma Japanese treated people of their new colonies with extreme cruelty Bataan Death March Forced march of more than 50 miles up the peninsula of Bataan while subjecting captives to terrible cruelties Of the approximately 70,000 prisoners who started, only 54,000 survived Allies Strike Back April 1942- U.S. bombs Tokyo and several other Japanese cities Allies begin to turn the tide of war May 1942- Battle of the Coral Sea (aircraft carriers) Battle of Midway U.S. knew attack was coming June 4- American forces hidden beyond the horizon Crippled Japanese fleet Turned the tide of the war in the Pacific Island Hopping General Douglas MacArthurcommander of the Allied forces in the Pacific Island Hopping Nuremberg Laws 1935 Deprived Jews of the rights to German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and non-Jews Later laws limited the kinds of work Jews could do Kristallnacht The Night of the Broken Glass November 9, 1938 Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes and on the streets Signaled the start of the process of eliminating Jews from German life Refugees & Ghettos Jews fled to other countries Hitler favored emigration as a solution to “the Jewish problem” France, Great Britain, and the U.S. closed their doors to further immigration Hitler ordered Jews to be moved into designated cities “Final Solution” Genocide Eliminate other races, nationalities, or groups viewed as inferior or “subhuman” Poles Russians Homosexuals Insane Disabled Incurably ill Especially Jews Killing Squads Units from the SS moved from town to town Rounded up men, women, children, and infants Concentration Camps Located mainly in Germany and Poland Prisoners worked seven days a week for SS or German businesses Concentration Camps Guards severely beat or killed prisoners not working fast enough Most prisoners lost 50 pounds in the first few months Final Stage Extermination camps Gas chambers could kill as many as 6,000 people a day 6 million European Jews died in death camps and Nazi massacres Fewer than 4 million survived Mobilizing for Total War Factories converted their peacetime operations to wartime production By 1944, between 17 and 18 million U.S. workers (many of them women) had jobs in war industries Rosie the Riveter Rationing Victory Gardens Propaganda Propaganda Internment of Japanese Americans FDR issues executive order for the internment of Japanese AmericansFebruary 1942 Two-thirds of those interned were nativeborn Americans Many volunteered for military service North Africa Campaign Battle of El AlameinOctober/NovemberBritish beat Rommel’s army in Egypt Allies launch Operation Torch Led by Dwight D. Eisenhower North Africa Campaign Rommel’s Afrika Korps was caught between the two allied forcescrushed in May 1943 Battle of Stalingrad August- German’s attack February- 90,000 German-troops surrendered (all that was left of the original 330,000) Battle of Stalingrad Defense of Stalingrad cost the Soviets over 1 million soldiers and the city was 99% destroyed But, Germans were now on the defensive and being pushed westward Invasion of Italy Allied forces capture Sicily from German and Italian troops Fighting in Italy as Germans control the north and Allies move into Rome April 27, 1945- Mussolini found by Italian resistance fighters and executed Plans for Invasion Allies secretly build an invasion force and plan to launch an attack on German-held France Thousands of planes, ships, tanks, and landing craft and more than 3 million troops awaited attack orders Commanded by General Eisenhower Operation Overlord German Defenses Allies Arrive in Paris Battle of the Bulge Hitler faces a war on two fronts Decides to counterattack in the west German tanks break through weak American defenses Allies are able to push the Germans back Berlin Attacked Late March 1945- Allies enter Germany Mid-April- about 3 million Allied soldiers approach from the southwest and 6 million soviet troops from the east Hitler prepares for the end while Berlin is attacked Germany Surrenders May 7, 1945 General Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich from the German military V-E Day May 9, 1945 In the Pacific Fall 1944- Allies moving on Japan May 1945American Marines take Iwo Jima April 1- Americans move onto the island of Okinawa The Manhattan Project Top secret project to develop the atomic bomb (A-bomb) Headed by General Leslie Groves and chief scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer Truman only learns about it when he becomes president Hiroshima & Nagasaki Japanese Surrender Europe Destroyed Cities in ruins Some stayed in cities, others took to the roads Agriculture disrupted Thousands died Postwar Governments Pre-war governments in Belgium, Holland, Denmark, and Norway returned quickly Return to old leadership in Germany, Italy, and France was not desirable Nazi government brought Germany to ruins Mussolini had led Italy to defeat Vichy government in France collaborated with the Nazis Nuremberg Trials International Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial 22 Nazi leaders charged with waging a war of aggression and committing “crimes against humanity” The bodies of the executed were cremated in the ovens at Dachau concentration camp Postwar Japan General MacArthur took control of the U.S. occupation- determined to be fair and not plant seeds of future war Demilitarization & Democratization Yalta Conference February 1945 Churchill, FDR, Stalin Agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces Yalta Conference Germany agrees to pay the Soviet Union to compensate for loss of life and property Stalin agrees to help in the war against Japan and that Eastern Europeans would have free elections Churchill is skeptical The World is Changed Enemies could become allies Allies could become enemies Soviet Union & United States emerged as the world’s two major powers and as allies Soon became clear the two countries had very different post-war goals Those differences would shape the modern world for decades