Transcript Chapter 36 PowerPoint - Clear Falls High School AP US History

Chapter 36:
The Cold War
Begins
1945-1952
In 1946, post war USA was characterized by an epidemic of labor strikes.
Taft–Hartley Act, enacted June 23, 1947, restricted the activities and power of labor unions
in the years after WWII.
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 known informally as the G.I. Bill of Rights provided
a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s).
Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash
payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational
education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation.
The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated
by fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.
The post World War II long boom was an era of economic affluence in the mid-20th century, which
happened largely in western countries following the end of World War II in 1945, and persisted until the
early 1970s. Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on colossal military budgets
It completed with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971.
The postwar economic boom had several causes and
propellants…The war's massive production jumpstarted the entire economy.
Post-war military projects kept the "militaryindustrial complex" in business.
There were tons of jobs in military-related areas,
such as aerospace, plastics, electronics, and "R and
D" (research and development).
Energy was cheap and plentiful.
High car sales reflected the cheap gas.
A strong infrastructure of power lines, gas lines
helped feed homes and businesses.
Worker production increased.
More Americans went to and stayed in school.
Increased education meant increased standard of
living.
Farms changed and turned toward big-businesses
and away from family farms. Machinery costs fueled
this change.
Former farmers left for other jobs.
Still, with new equipment and better hybrids and
fertilizers, food production increased.
POPULATION SHIFT TO THE SUNBELT STATES
“SUNBELT” DESCRIBES THE “SUNNY” AREA FROM THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC COST TO
CALIFORNIA.
FLORIDA, ARIZONA AND NEVADA EXPERIENCED OVER 100% POPULATION GROWTH WHILE
STATES LIKE CALIFORNIA, UTAH AND COLORADO SAW THEIR POPULATIONS GROW 51%
TO 100%.
BY 1963 CALIFORNIA BECAME THE MOST POPULOUS STATE IN THE UNION.
ADVANCES IN AIR CONDITIONING, AIR TRAVEL AND AN IMPROVED HIGHWAY SYSTEM
CONTRIBUTED TO THIS POPULATION SHIFT.
THE FAST GROWING AEROSPACE INDUSTRY WAS LOCATED MAINLY IN SUNBELT AREAS.
RETIREMENTS COMMUNITIES SPRANG UP TO SERVE SENIORS LOOKING FOR A WARM,
SUNNY CLIMATE
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THE AMERICAN DREAM
OWN YOUR OWN HOME
MOST NEW HOUSING CONSTRUCTION TOOK
PLACE OUTSIDE MAJOR CITIES IN NEWLY
CREATED SUBURBS
LEVITTOWN'S WERE THE SYMBOL OF THE
NEW AMERICAN SUBURB WHERE ALMOST
ANYONE COULD AFFORD A NEW HOME.
THEY WERE SMALL HOMES BUILT USING
MASS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES.
THERE WAS TREMENDOUS PENT UP
DEMAND FOR HOUSING AS THERE HAD
BEEN LITTLE CONSTRUCTION DURING THE
DEPRESSION OR WWII
COUPLES WERE HAVING MORE CHILDREN
AND WANTED THEIR OWN HOMES TO RAISE
THEM IN
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT LOANS MADE IT
POSSIBLE FOR MORE FAMILIES TO
PURCHASE THEIR OWN HOMES
CARS AND SHOPPING CENTERS BECAME
THE CENTER PIECES OF THE NEW
SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE
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BABY BOOM (BOOM)
The term "baby boom" most often
refers to the post–World War II baby
boom (1946–1964).
There are an estimated 78.3 million
Americans who were born during this
time period.
THE COLD WAR
CONFLICT BETWEEN THE U.S.S.R. AND THE
UNITED STATES WHICH BEGAN AFTER WWII
IN RESPONSE TO COMMUNIST EXPANSION.
COMMUNISM WAS SEEN AS A MORTAL
THREAT TO THE EXISTENCE OF THE
WESTERN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION.
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE MID TO
LATE 1940’S THRU THE LATE 1980’S WAS
DOMINATED BY THIS THREAT.
THE COLD WAR WAS FOUGHT IN POLITICAL,
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SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC BATTLES AS
OPPOSED TO WAR.
YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS
THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR. BARGAIN OR BETRAYAL?
From February 4-11 1945, the
following issues were addressed:
world organization (United Nations),
declaration on liberated Europe (free
elections),
dismemberment of Germany
(demilitarization and denazification),
zones of occupation
(USA,BR,USSR,FR),
reparations,
Poland (new borders), Bulgaria,
Romania
Yugoslavia.
Agreements regarding entry of the
Soviet Union into the war against
Japan were also outlined (with Soviet
incentives….Sakhalin Island; Kurile
Islands; joint control over railroads in
China’s Manchuria; seaports of Darien
and Port Arthur).
The United States and the Soviet Union
Occupation Zones In Germany
Occupation Zones in Berlin Germany
On June 23, 1948 the USSR imposed a complete blockade on railway, road and canal traffic
leading to West Berlin from the allied German zone.
No supplies of any type, including food, fuel and consumer goods, were allowed to enter
West Berlin. Stalin wanted to starve the city into submission.
This was done for two main reasons:
•Stalin's desire to control all of Berlin
•The allies London program of 1948 that called for a separate West Germany and currency
reform
PRESIDENT TRUMAN DECIDED THAT WE WERE
GOING TO HOLD ON TO WEST BERLIN AND HE
CHOOSE AN AIRLIFT FROM THE OPTIONS
PRESENTED HIM.
THE AIRLIFT WOULD BE USED FOR KEEPING
THE CITY SUPPLIED WITH FOOD, FUEL AND
CONSUMER GOODS.
BERLIN AIRLIFT: JUNE 1948 TO MAY 1949
EVERYTHING FROM COAL TO CHOCOLATE WAS FLOWN IN BY FLEETS
OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH CARGO PLANES
1949 SAW THE FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO GERMAN NATIONS
COMMONLY KNOWN AS EAST AND WEST GERMANY. EAST GERMANY
WAS RULED BY THE USSR WHILE WEST GERMANY WAS
INDEPENDENT.
CONTAINMENT POLICY:
DEAN ACHESON BECAME THE SECRETARY OF STATE IN 1949 UNDER HARRY
TRUMAN.
IN THAT POST, HE AND GEORGE F. KENNAN DEVELOPED A POLICY TO
CONTAIN COMMUNIST EXPANSION BY FUNNELING ECONOMIC AND MILITARY
AID TO DEMOCRATIC NATIONS, AND BY HELPING TO ESTABLISH THE NORTH
ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO).
TRUMAN DOCTRINE: MILITARY AID
THE DOCTRINE WAS INFORMALLY EXTENDED TO BECOME THE BASIS OF
AMERICAN COLD WAR POLICY THROUGHOUT EUROPE AND AROUND THE
WORLD. IT SHIFTED AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD THE SOVIET UNION
FROM DETENTE (A RELAXATION OF TENSION) TO A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT
OF SOVIET EXPANSION AS ADVOCATED BY DIPLOMAT GEORGE F. KENNAN.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE WAS THE NAME GIVEN TO A POLICY ANNOUNCED BY
US PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN ON MARCH 12, 1947.
THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE WAS A VERY SIMPLE WARNING CLEARLY MADE TO
THE USSR – THOUGH IT WAS NOT MENTIONED BY NAME – THAT THE USA
WOULD INTERVENE TO SUPPORT ANY NATION THAT WAS BEING THREATENED
BY A TAKEOVER BY AN ARMED MINORITY.
PRESIDENT TRUMAN ASKED CONGRESS FOR $400 MILLION IN AID PLUS US
TROOPS/ADVISORS TO HELP BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FIGHT BACK THE
COMMUNIST THREAT
THE MARSHALL PLAN: ECONOMIC AID
MODERNIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
CREATION OF SOUND CURRENCIES AND NATIONAL
BUDGETS
EXPANSION OF TRADE AND INCREASE IN EXPORTS
INCREASED ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
REMOVAL OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS IN
FOREIGN TRADE
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION ESPECIALLY IN
AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY INDUSTRY
IMPROVEMENT IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG
IN 1945 BEFORE THE
MARSHALL PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL WITH
BOTH THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR.
ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES
IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH
STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL.
National Security Act (1947)
• Department of Defense
• National Security Council (NSC)
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• Selective Service System
NATO: THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION IS FORMED IN 1949
“ to keep the Russians out, the Germans
down, and the Americans in.”
WARSAW PACT:
FORMED BY THE USSR TO COUNTER
NATO IN EUROPE MAY 1, 1955
POST WAR JAPAN UNDER FIVE STAR GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR:
Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers (the USA) until 28 April 1952. During the period of
the occupation, Japan was changed to a democratic state and adopted a constitution.
OCTOBER 1ST 1949 THE
COMMUNISTS WON THE
CHINESE CIVIL WAR AND
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA IS ESTABLISHED
WITH THE USSR AS ITS
MAIN ALLY. IN THE US
“LOSING CHINA” BECOMES
A POLITICAL ISSUE.
MAO ZEDONG,
COMMUNIST LEADER
OF CHINA
IN 1949 THE USSR EXPLODED AN
ATOMIC BOMB AND BECAME THE
SECOND NUCLEAR POWER
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN
BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN
NOVEMBER OF 1952.
THE USSR EXPLODED ONE
IN 1953.
President Truman approves the
development of the hydrogen bomb.
This new type of nuclear weapon is at
least 100 times more powerful then the
atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.
THE SECOND RED SCARE: 1947-1954
PRESIDENT TRUMAN'S ATTORNEY GENERAL, HOWARD MCGRATH, SET THE TONE WHEN
HE ANNOUNCED:
“THERE ARE TODAY MANY COMMUNISTS IN AMERICA. THEY ARE EVERYWHERE - IN
FACTORIES, OFFICES, BUTCHER SHOPS, ON STREET CORNERS, IN PRIVATE BUSINESSES AND EACH CARRIES IN HIMSELF THE GERMS OF DEATH FOR SOCIETY.”
NO ONE REALLY
KNEW HOW MANY
AMERICAN
COMMUNISTS THERE
WERE.
IT WAS KNOWN THAT
100,000 HAD VOTED
FOR THE COMMUNIST
PARTY IN THE
ELECTION OF 1932.
Attorney General McGrath and Truman
The “Hollywood
10” and their
supporters
Senator Joseph
McCarthy
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Ethel and Julius
Rosenberg
Alger Hiss
Nixon and other members
of HUAC
National Security Council
Report 68 (NSC-68) was a
58-page top secret policy
paper issued by the United
States National Security
Council on April 14, 1950,
during the presidency of
Harry S. Truman.
NSC-68 largely shaped U.S.
foreign policy in the Cold
War for the next 20 years,
and involved a decision to
make Containment against
Communist expansion a
high priority.
NSC-68 recommended
policies that emphasized
military over diplomatic
action.
Truman officially approved
NSC-68 on September 30,
1950.
KOREAN WAR:
JUNE 1950 TO JULY 1953
NORTH
KOREA
38TH
PARALLEL
DIVIDING LINE
BETWEEN
NORTH AND
SOUTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
UN troops advanced rapidly and entered North Korea in pursuit of fleeing enemy armies.
On October 19, 1950 Chinese communists troops invaded North Korea and pushed the UN
armies back south of the 38th parallel.
THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH
WARFARE.
TRUMAN FIRED MACARTHUR IN A DISPUTE OVER HOW THE WAR SHOULD BE FOUGHT.
IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH
STALIN THE COMMUNIST
DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET
UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE
KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS
TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.
On July 27th 1953, after three years of fighting, an
armistice was signed ending the Korean war. Korea
remained divided at the 38th parallel.