Transcript World War II

World War II
WWI and the Treaty of
Versailles
• Germany lost land to
surrounding nations
• War reparations
– Allies collect $ to pay
back war debts to US
– Germany pays $57
trillion (modern day
equivalent)
– Germans are bankrupt,
embarrassed, guilt
ridden, and angry.
• Desperate people turn
to desperate leaders
Causes of World
War II
• After WW I – Great
Depression
• People blamed govt.
leaders for their
hardships
• Totalitarian government
arose that had the
people’s support
Totalitarian leader
Joseph Stalin of
Soviet Union
Totalitarian Leaders
• Germany – Adolf Hitler
– The Third Reich
• Italy – Benito Mussolini
– Fascism – state is more
important than the
people
• Japan – Emperor
Hirohito
– Military Leader took
control of the country
Totalitarianism
USSR:
Communist
Dictatorship
Germany & Italy:
Fascist
Dictatorship
Japan:
Military
Dictatorship
Adolf HitlerGermany
Hideki Tojo Japan
Benito Mussolini-Italy
Josef StalinUSSR
What did Hitler Want?
• Militarism- soon after becoming chancellor he
begins rearming Germany breaking the Treaty of
Versailles
• Rhineland- moves troops into the Rhineland
territory again breaking the Treaty of Versailles
• Lebensraum- “living space”
– Austria - annexed peacefully in 1938
– Sudetenland – territory in Czechoslovakia
• Given to Germany by Great Britain and France
– Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
Sudetenland
• What’s this called? ______________________
– On to Poland
Aggression Begins
• Kellogg-Briand Pact –
agreement after WW I
to negotiate rather
than to go to war over
future disputes
• Germany, Italy, and
Japan disregarded the
pact
• There was no way to
enforce the pact
Appeasement
• Giving someone something to make them happy and leave you
alone.
• Hitler demanded land that wasn’t Germany’s and others just gave it
to him.
• Nations were trying to prevent war…it didn’t work. (Isolationism)
• Appeasement just showed Hitler that he could do whatever he
wanted.
The Munich Conference
• British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain –
Appeasement policy
(give in to an aggressor’s
demands, to preserve
peace)
• Munich Pact – Britain
and France agreed to
Hitler taking part of
Czechoslovakia
– British people relieved
(they did not want to go to
war “peace with honor”)
“Peace
in Our
Time!”
Munich
Agreement
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Hitler wanted to conquer
Soviet Union
• He wanted lebensraum
(living space)
• Could not attack Soviet
Union with France to the
west
• Hitler and Joseph Stalin
sign a non-aggression
pact not to attack each
other
Japanese
Aggression
• Japan takes over
Manchuria in 1931
• In 1940, Japan,
Germany, and Italy
allied with one
another and became
known as the Axis
Powers
U.S. Remains Neutral
• US practiced isolationism
• Fixing problems of Great
Depression was main
concern
• Neutrality Act – prohibited
selling weapons to
warring nations
• FDR Quarantine Speech
– stop economic and
diplomatic sanctions with
aggressive nations
The War in Europe
• Sept. 1, 1939,
Germany invades
Poland
• Blitzkrieg – “lightning
war” tanks and planes
attack hard & fast
• Soviet Union attacked
Poland from the east
• Britain and France
declared war on
Germany
Who was on each side?
Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
•
•
•
•
Allied Powers
Great Britain
Soviet Union
United States
France
– Surrendered to
Germany in 1940 after
6 weeks
• Britain – Winston Churchill
takes Chamberlains place as
Prime Minister
– Fiery & inspiring speaker
• Germany takes over France
• Battle of Britain – Germany
bombed British cities
• People of London hid in
subways to avoid bombing
• Royal Air Force successful in
stopping the German air
attacks
Lend-Lease Act
• Britain - inability to pay
cash for supplies
• Roosevelt announced a
new plan to provide war
supplies to Britain and
allies without any
payment in return
• This act authorized the
President to aid any
nation whose defense he
believed was vital to
American security.
Africa
• Allies vs. Axis
• Free N. Africa and Suez
Canal from Axis
• Allied forces - Gen.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Axis forces – Gen. Erwin
Rommel (Desert Fox)
• Casablanca, Morocco
meeting to discuss the
next move
– There would unconditional
surrender (victors to set
conditions of surrender with
losers having no say)
Italy
• Gen. George S. Patton
• Took just 38 days to
arrest Mussolini
• In May of 1944, all of Italy
captured by allies
US Enters WW II
• US imposed an
embargo on Japan
(refused to ship
certain products: oil &
steel)
• Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor Dec. 7, 1941
• US declares war on
Japan
Battle of Stalingrad
• Operation
Barbarossa –
Hitler’s plan to
attack USSR
• Germans lost due
to cold weather
• Turning point of
war in European
Theatre
Doolittle Raid
• Led by Jimmy
Doolittle, April 18,
1942, US bombed
Japanese mainland
• Some pilots landed in
China while some
were captured
D-Day
• Tehran Conference –
Roosevelt, Churchill,
and Stalin
• Operation Overlord
• June 6, 1944 – D-Day
invasion on Normandy
Battle of the
Bulge
• Germany’s last
offensive strike
• It failed
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
• The Big Three met
again to discuss
military strategy and
postwar policy
• Churchill did not trust
Stalin and wanted US
to get to Berlin before
USSR
• April – Hitler commits
suicide (April 30)
• VE Day – Victory in
Europe Day
President Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945
Tehran Conference and Potsdam
Conference all were meeting to deal with
war torn Europe in WW II.
How did WWII end in Europe?
• Allies divide Germany up between them.
– This helps start the Cold War.
• Nuremberg Trials are held in Germany
(and Japan) to try the people responsible
for the war.
– Many are executed and jailed for war crimes.
Holocaust
• Hitler’s final solution to the “Jewish
problem”
• Mass genocide – murder of a race of
people
• Jews placed in concentration camps
• Around six million Jews died during the
Holocaust
• Nuremburg Trials – Nazi’s tried for war
“crimes against humanity”
What was the Holocaust?
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•
•
•
•
•
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Nazi plan to kill all Jews.
Why? Hitler’s provided a to Germany’s problems
6 million Jews murdered in camps in Europe.
5 million others (gypsies, mentally ill, homosexuals)
Total of 11 million exterminated
What is genocide?
Purposely trying to exterminate an entire group
of people (ethnic, religious, racial).
What about the Pacific War?
• The US (mostly) fought the Japanese.
• December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl
Harbor in Hawaii to sink US ships there.
– Two hours = most US navy destroyed and
2,000 sailors killed
War in the Pacific
• Japan controlled islands in
the Pacific
• Gen. Douglas MacArthur to
lead fight in Pacific after
abandoning the Philippines
• “Island hopping” – attack
and conquer one islands at
a time
– Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal,
Okinawa,
– Midway (turning point of
war in Pacific Theatre)
Island Hopping
• strategy used by US to defeat Japan
• Too many US soldiers were lost
• How is the US going to save lives to an
enemy who would not surrender?
• Kamikaze pilots –
Japanese pilots who
committed suicide by
intentionally crashing
their planes into US
ships in an attempt to
sink them
The Atomic Bomb
• Manhattan Project – work
on atomic bomb
• Led by J. Robert
Oppenheimer
• New Mexico – test site in
desert
• Potsdam Conference –
unconditional surrender
“Potsdam Declaration”
• Japan never surrendered –
they wanted the position of
the emperor be protected
• Harry S. Truman used the
bomb
Japan surrenders
after US drops
atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
• Aug. 6, 1945 – Enola
Gay dropped the 1st
atomic bomb on
Hiroshima
• Aug. 9, Nagasaki hit
with 2nd atomic bomb
• Aug. 14 Japan
surrendered
• V-J Day
Rosie
Riveter
• Name given to
all women who
helped in war
production
effort
Japanese Americans
• All Japanese
Americans living on
west coast moved by
the military to
internment camps.
• Korematsu sued the
US.
• Korematsu vs. United
States – ruled that it is
constitutional to
suppress rights during
war time.