Transcript 第13章细胞周期与细胞分裂Chapter 13 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

细胞学说：
“Where a cell arises, there must be a previous
cell, just as animals can only arise from
animals and plants from plants.”
德国病理学家 威尔肖
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编
细胞生物学（第4版）
第13章 细胞周期与细胞分裂
Chapter 13 Cell Cycle and Cell
Division
Copyright © 高等教育出版社 2011
Section 1 Cell Cycle
Figure 17-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
I. Significances
1. For the growth and development of a
multicellular organism, and the generation
of offspring,
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
2. Renew the aging, apoptotic cells, and
damaged tissue
Red blood cell
120 d. 1011 / d
2 million stem cells
divide every second
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Damaged by UV light
If damaged seriously by X-ray, mouse
will die within several days
(From Dr. FD Zou)
II. Overview of the cell cycle
1. The discovery of the cell cycle
NATURE|VOL 426 | 18/25 DECEMBER 2003 , 759
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Daughter cells
Cell growth and chromosome
replication
G1
Interphase间期
M phase 分裂期
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
(From Alberts et. al.)
S
G2
2. Different cell cycle length
Cell type
Cell-cycle time
Early frog embryo cells
Yeast cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Human liver cells
30min
1.5-3h
12h
~1 year
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Why so different?
The greatest variation occurs in
the duration of G1
小鼠食管上皮细胞 T=115h G1=103h
十二指肠上皮细胞 T=15h G1=6h
2. How many categories of cells in vivo?
(1) Cycling cells
Dividing continuously
?
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(2). G0 cells
Do not divide normally, but divide
when stimulus:
liver cells, lymphocytes
(3).Terminally Differentiated cells
Highly specialized, have lost the ability
to divide until they die.
Embryo cells
Cycling
cells
G0
cells
?
Terminal
cells
How to study Cell cycle progression
3. How can we tell what stage an animal
cell has reached in the cell cycle?
Observe with a mcroscope
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland
Science 2008)
BrdU-labled epithelia cells of the
zebrafish gut. (Green: S phase cells)
BrdU-labled RKO cells (Red: S phase
cells),
From Dr. FD Zou
Measure the DNA content with a flow cytometer
(fluorescent-activated cell sorter, FACS)
WT
KO
G1/S progression in RKO WT and miR21 knockout cells (From Dr. FD Zou)
4. Synchronization of cell cycle
细胞周期同步化
(1) Natural synchronization
Early embryo in most
invertebrates and a few
vertebrates
果蝇胚胎
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(2) Selected synchronization
M phase
HeLa cells in culture
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(3) Blocking DNA synthesis by TdR: G1/S
G1
G1/S
M
G2
S
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Blocking cells in
metaphase by 秋水酰素 ?
5. Special cell cycles—the early embryo
30min / cell
cycle
Frog Xenopus laevis
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Why so rapidly?
No G1 and G2 phase, S phase is
very short
Have little or no need to synthesize
components other than DNA during
cell division
1
3
From the World of the cell
2
4
Section 2 Cell Division
M phase—Mitosis and cytokinesis
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
1. Mitosis (Nuclear division)
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(1) Prophase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Formation of the compacted
mitotic chromosome
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Condensin 凝缩蛋白
Vincent L. et al., Multiple roles of Condensins: a
complex story, Biology of the Cell, 2004, 96: 201–
213 翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Activated M-Cdk phosphrylates condensin
subunits, triggering the assembly of
condensin complexes on DNA and
condensation of the chromosome.
The condensin can use energy of ATP
hydtolysis to promote DNA coiling (in vitro).
Cohesin 黏连蛋白
The sister chromatids are glued together by cohesins.
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Formation of the mitotic spindle
Centrosome
duplicated at S, and
separate to form
mitotic spindle at
the beginning of
prophase
Golgi, ER etc.
disperse to form
vesicles; kinetochore
assembly
Aster MTs
interpolar MTs
(From Cell and Molecular Biology, 2010)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(2) Prometaphase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Nuclear envelope breakdown
Microtubules catch chromosomes
• Nuclear envelopes breakdown
(引自翟中和等，2011)
Microtubule behavior
Three classes of MT
(3) Metaphase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The pushing and pulling forces drive the chromosomes to
the metaphase plate
(4) Anaphase
Chromatids separate
Migrate to spindle pole
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Anaphase A:
The movement of the
chromosomes toward the
poles; Kinetochore MT
disassemble at both ends
during anaphase A.
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Anaphase B:
The two spindle poles
move farther apart.
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
(5) Telophase
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Chromosome
Golgi, ER
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus, Nucleolus
2. Cytokinesis
(Cytoplasm division)
(1) In animal cells
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
蛙受精卵的卵裂
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
培养细胞的胞质分裂
Contractile ring 有丝分裂收缩环
(引自翟中和等，2011)
Where the cleavage plane form?
The site of
formation of the
cleavage plane
echinoderm egg (From Cell and Molecular
Biology, 2010)
(引自翟中和等，2011)
(2) In plant cells
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
3. Meiosis
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编 细胞生物学（第4版）© 高等教育出版社 2011
(From the Cell and Molecular Biology, 2010)
翟中和 王喜忠 丁明孝 主编
细胞生物学（第4版）
Copyright © 高等教育出版社 2011