Transcript World War II

Chapter 31 World War II
CHALLENGES TO WORLD
PEACE

many dictators will take aggressive actions in the
early 1930s
 these aggressive actions were met with only
pleas and protests from the democracies of the
world
 many dictators viewed these types of actions as
signs of weakness
 Japan will be a different situation because they
did not have a single leader but a group of
military generals governing the country
THE ROAD TO WAR
– Japan, seeking raw materials,
invades Manchuria. When the League of
Nations meets to debate the situation,
Japan withdraws from the League.
 1931
THE ROAD TO WAR

1934 – Japan
withdraws from the
Washington Treaty
[created in 1921 to
limit the size of the
world’s navies and
thus reduce the
possibility of war] and
starts to create the
most powerful navy in
the Pacific.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 1935
- In defiance of the Treaty of
Versailles, Hitler announces that Germany
will start to rebuild its army and air force.
Although Great Britain and France protest
they do nothing.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 Also
in 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia.
 Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed
to the League of Nations for help
THE ROAD TO WAR
 the
League put some sanctions or
penalties on Italy. no weapons or other
war materials could be sold to Italy but
could sale petroleum. By early 1936 Italy
had conquered Ethiopia
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
 in
the 1930s Spain was going through a
period of unrest. King Alfonso XII was
forced to abdicate and a republic was set
up which was controlled by liberals and
 Socialists. The Catholic Church lost status
(lands confiscated) and the army was
reduced in size however unrest continued
throughout Spain (strikes, riots, etc)
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
 by
1936 a coalition government was
elected that included socialists, liberals,
and communists
 They moved against the military
leadership and redistributed the land to
peasants.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
 In
July, 1936 a group of generals led by
Francisco Franco revolted against the
republican government - this will turn into
the Spanish Civil War.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR

The generals wanted
to restore power of
Catholic Church and
destroy socialism and
communism in Spain.
 The followers of
Franco were called
Nationalists and the
Republicans called
Loyalists.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR

The Spanish civil war will
become an international issue.
 The League of Nations tried to
stop the flow of weapons into
Spain from foreign powers but
League was unsuccessful.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR

Mussolini and Hitler supported
Franco with weapons and
manpower. The Italians and
especially the Germans used the
war as a practice ground for their
militaries (new weapons and
tactics tried out under combat
conditions)
Guernica
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
 the
Loyalists' were supported by Stalin and
some democracies but their help was
much less than what the Nationalists were
receiving.
 By 1939 the Spanish Civil War was over
and Franco had set up a Fascists
dictatorship in Spain.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 In
October, 1936 the Rome-Berlin Axis
was signed which allied Italy and Germany
(military alliance)
THE ROAD TO WAR
 in
1936 Hitler sent troops into the
Rhineland in direct violation of the
Versailles Treaty, A lot of verbal protest
made by France and Great Britain but very
little resistance made to the move.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 1937-
Japan invades China.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 March,
1938 Germany announced that it
wanted to annex Austria which is known
as the Anschluss (union of Austria with
Germany).
THE ROAD TO WAR

Again there was little response to the aggression by
Hitler from France and Great. Britain, both of the
countries were following a policy of appeasement,
making concessions to an aggressor in order to maintain
peace. Both countries had widespread pacifism,
opposition to all war, among their populations.
 The British people were not concerned because the
incidents were far away and many also believed that a
strong Germany army would keep a check on
communism in the USSR.
 Also many felt that the Versailles Treaty had been too
harsh on Germany.
 France was unwilling to stand up to Germany without
British backing.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 The
United States response to all of this
was to follow a policy of isolationism and
had passed the Neutrality Laws which
forbade the sale of arms to any nation at
war, no loans to warring nations, and no
Americans on warring nations ships.
 After the disillusion with World War I the
United States wanted to stay out of
European conflict not prevent a war.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 1938
- because of the apparent weakness
of the democracies Italy, Germany, and
Japan signed the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis which pledged that each country
would fight communism and would not
interfere with one another's plans for
expansion.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 Germany's
aggression will continued when
late in 1938, Hitler demanded the
annexation of the Sudetenland from
Czechoslovakia (most of the people living
in the Sudetenland were German speaking)
THE ROAD TO WAR
 Czechoslovakia
was one of only two
democracies in eastern Europe
 neither France nor Great Britain was
willing to go to war to save the
Sudetenland.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 Hitler
invited France and Great Britain to
meet with him at the Munich Conference
the French and the British prime minister
Neville Chamberlain chose appeasement
instead of war and persuaded the Czechs
to turn over the Sudetenland to Hitler.
(“Peace in Our time”)
 In return Hitler promised that he had no
plans for further expansion in Europe.
THE ROAD TO WAR
– March – Hitler sent German forces
to take the rest of Czechoslovakia
 April of 1939 Italy attacks Albania.
 1939
THE ROAD TO WAR
 In
the summer of 1939, France and Great
Britain realized that appeasement had
failed when Hitler demanded the return of
Danzig, a free city under the control of the
League of Nations and the Polish
Corridor Great Britain and France
responded by saying they would aid
Poland.
THE ROAD TO WAR
 August,
1939 Hitler stunned the world
when he announced the Nazi-Soviet Pact
with the USSR—this was a non.aggression pact in which the two
countries promised not to attack each
other. In secret they had agreed that


1) not to fight each other if one went to war
2) they would divide up Poland and Eastern
Europe.
Chapter 31 Section 2 The Start of World War II
START OF WORLD WAR II
 on
September 1, 1939 Germany invaded
Poland starting World War II.
START OF WORLD WAR II

The Germans launched
the "blitzkrieg" or
lightning warfare (planes,
tanks, and mechanized
units of 1,250,000 men)
swept into Poland
(Polish air force
destroyed in 48 hrs.).
START OF WORLD WAR II

France and Britain
declared war on
Germany September 3.
 Polish resistance will
end within three
weeks.
START OF WORLD WAR II
 USSR,
in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet
Pact, will take eastern Poland, Latvia,
Estonia, and Lithuania.
 USSR will also attack Finland (Finns put
up a brave fight but will fall in March 1940)
World War II
 After
the fall of Poland there was a lull in
the fighting known as the “Sitzkrieg” or
"phony war".
World War II
 Britain
concentrated on building up their
armaments, clearing the seas of enemy
surface ships, and imposing a blockade on
Germany.
World War II
 France
waited in the elaborately fortified
defensive position known as the Maginot
Line (87 miles of underground forts on
border with Germany)
World War II
 Hitler
resumed the war in April
1940 by seizing
Norway and Denmark
World War II
 In
May Germany will attack the
Netherlands and Belgium and thus
bypassing the Maginot Line.
World War II
 Germans
will trap tens of thousands of
British, French, and Belgian troops in
Flanders.
World War II

Allied forces retreated to
Dunkirk where 350,000
men were rescued
("Miracle at Dunkirk") by
hundreds of British ships
including civilian craft.
 This was Hitler’s first big
mistake because it saved
the British army for future
warfare.
World War II
 Mussolini
(It.) will declare war on France
on 10 June,
 on 14 June German troops rolled into
Paris unopposed.
The fall of Paris
World War II
 The
French government under Marshal
Petain requested a cease fire.
 France will be divided into two zones
(north occupied by German troops and
rest of country under a "puppet regime"
headed by Petain at Vichy
Great Britain

Winston Churchill
had taken over as
prime minister of
Britain on 10 May and
refused Hitler's
offer of surrender.
Battle of Britain
 Hitler
wanted to invade Britain
("Operation Sea Lion") but he needed
mastery of the English Channel something
he could not do without control of the
skies.
Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain
 Hitler's
commander of the Luftwaffe,
Herman Goering promised to defeat the
Royal Air Force (RAF).
The Blitz of London
Blitz of London – August 12, 1940 –
German bombers started bombing
England’s southern coast in a fierce air
attack on Britain trying to destroy the RAF.
 the
The Blitz of London

Even though the
Germans had a
numerical superiority
in planes [almost 5 to
1] the British had an
advantage because
they had developed
radar
The Blitz of London
 This
major air battle became known as the
Battle of Britain.
 In the beginning the Germans
concentrated on military installations and
defeating the RAF but they held on
The Blitz of London
 After
a month they changed tactics and on
the night of September 7, 1940 and for the
next 57 nights London was bombed.
 This was called the "blitz" during which
time the Germans dropped firebombs and
high explosives on the major cities of
Britain including London and other civilian
targets.
The Blitz of London
 The
Blitz of London alone will kill more
than 15,000 civilians but the citizens of
Britain refused to break.
The Blitz of London
 Even
though the Blitz will continue until
June 1941 Hitler was forced to postpone
his invasion of Britain because the air
campaign had failed (Luftwaffe lost more
than twice as many planes as RAF)
German Advances
 Even
though Germany was unable to force
the surrender of Britain Germany was in
control of Western Europe.
 Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland had
declared their neutrality.
 Spain was also technically neutral though
they were Fascist and thus pro-Axis
German Advances
 In
1940 Romania and Hungary joined the
Axis powers and in early 1941 Bulgaria
joined as well.
German Advances
 The
Germans and Italians then attacked
and overran Greece (24 days) and
Yugoslavia (11days).
German Advances
I
n October 1940- the Italians attacked the
British in North Africa but were very
quickly repulsed.
German Advances
 To
aid his Axis partner Hitler sent General
Erwin Rommel a.k.a. "Desert Fox" to
North Africa where he had great success
in pushing the British back toward Cairo,
Egypt.
GERMAN INVASION OF USSR
 In
June of 1941 Hitler launched
"Operation Barbarossa" against the
USSR. [Hitler’s second mistake of the war].
 3 million German soldiers were sent into
USSR.
 The Soviet air force [more than 1500
planes] was destroyed on the ground in
the first 24 hours.
GERMAN INVASION OF USSR
 Germans
will push deep inside the USSR
(controlled 600,000 sq. miles).
GERMAN INVASION OF USSR
 The



goals of the German invasion were
1) to gain Leningrad in the north (siege will
last 800 days and cost 1.5 million lives)
2) to capture Moscow in the center - Germans
reached the outskirts but winter will set in
3) seize control of the Ukraine in the south
which the Germans will overrun – the area is
rich in wheat and oil.
GERMAN INVASION OF USSR
 However,
the Soviets will practice a
"scorched earth" policy which will make it
difficult for the Germans to supply their
army over such great distances.
GERMAN INVASION OF USSR
 Despite
this the Germans were very
successful until the Russia winter set in
and the German army suffered because
they were not issued winter uniforms. At
times the temperatures dropped to more
than -50 degrees below zero.
EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT



At the beginning of World War II the US
declared its neutrality.
As the war progressed many Americans
became sympathetic to the blight of the
Allies.
President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) will
find ways around the Neutrality Acts –

the United States will give the British 50 old
American destroyers in exchange for leases on
naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and
Jamaica
EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT

In March of 1941 Congress passed the LendLease Act which allowed FDR to sell or
lend war materials on credit to countries that
were vital to the defense of the United States.
 Before the war is over the United States will give
the Allies, including the Soviet Union, more than
50 billion dollars in military equipment.
 This brought the US and Britain closer together
and angered the Germans.
EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT
 in
August 1941 Winston Churchill and
FDR met in the Atlantic and drew up the
Atlantic Charter

this document stated the goals of the United
States and Britain during and after the end of
World War II (self-determination and the
United Nations)
EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVMENT
 By
November 1941 the US and Germany
in a undeclared naval war in the Atlantic
because the United States was openly
supporting Britain
Japan and the Pacific
 In
July 1940 the Japanese seized French
Indochina and moved towards the Dutch
East Indies.
 In response to this aggression, in August
1940 the United States stopped exporting
oil and scrap metal to Japan.
 In early 1941 the US moved the Pacific
Fleet to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Japan and the Pacific

Hideki Tojo, leader of Japan's
War Party became prime minister
of Japan in October
1941.
 The United States and Japan start
moving closer to war but they will
continued to use diplomatic
means to try and solve their
problems.
Japan and the Pacific
 Japan's
military leaders concluded that
they should attack the US Pacific Fleet
and try to defeat the United States in one
great battle.
 So even while the Japanese diplomats
continue to negotiate, the Japanese
military is planning an attack on the United
States
Pearl Harbor
 On
December 7, 1941 the Japanese fleet
under the leadership of Admiral
Yamamoto launched a surprise attack on
the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
 The
United States lost 8 battleships
(Arizona went down with over 2000 men
on board), 10 others ships were
crippled and 188 planes were destroyed.
 However, the main target of the attack, the
3 American aircraft carriers were not in the
harbor at the time of the attack.
Pearl Harbor
 The
Japanese loses were about 49 planes
and 5 midget submarines.
 Within hours of the Pearl Harbor attack the
Japanese also attacked other areas
including the Philippines, Wake Island,
Singapore, Hong Kong, the Dutch East
Indies (oil), Burma, and Guam.
Pearl Harbor
 United
States declared war on Japan Dec.
8, 1941.
 It is here that Hitler makes his biggest
mistake of the war, Germany and Italy
declared war on the US December 11,
1941
Pearl Harbor
 The
Japanese had succeeded in crippling
America's defenses (West coast open to
air and sea attack)
 Australia was the only remaining
stronghold for Allies in the Pacific.
 Japan now controlled most of the world's
supply of rubber and tin, gained rice from
Indochina and oil from the East Indies
Japanese advances

The goal of the military was to have Japanese
warplanes secure a perimeter far enough from
Japan so that United States bombers could not
reach the Japanese homeland (later move east
and south).
 Once this happened the United States would
have to sign a treaty acknowledging Japan's
control of Asia.
 Japan would than create the Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere - Japan's slogan
became "Asia for the Asians"
Chapter 31 Section 3 Europe During World War II
GERMAN POLICY TOWARD
CONQUERED PEOPLES
 Hitler
wanted to organize the European
continent into a single political and
economic system ruled from Berlin and
dominated by the "Aryan race”.
 He set up puppet governments in western
European countries that were peopled by
“Aryans” or related “races”.
GERMAN POLICY TOWARD
CONQUERED PEOPLES
 To
the Nazis occupied lands were
economic resources to be plundered and
looted.
 They systematically stripped conquered
nations of their art works, factories, and
other resources.
GERMAN POLICY TOWARD
CONQUERED PEOPLES
 Many
people including the Slavs and
others from Eastern Europe were judged
inferior and were forced to serve the Third
Reich as slave laborers in factories.
 Tens of thousands were forced from their
homes and sent to Germany to work in
German war industries.
Genocide
 Hitler
instituted a policy of killing people he
judged to be “racially inferior”.
 These people included Slavs, Gypsies, the
mentally ill, Africans, and especially the
Jews.
Genocide
 At
first Jews were forced from their homes
and placed in ghettos and concentration
camps.
 By 1941 the German policy toward the
Jews changed, the Nazis created what
they called the "Final Solution" which
called for the annihilation of the entire
Jewish population in Europe.
Genocide
 Nazis
attempted genocide [to kill entire
group of people].
 Jews will be transported to eastern
Germany and Poland and held in
concentration (death) camps
 most notorious camps include Auschwitz
(at its height 30,000 a day will be killed ),
Treblinka, Dachau, Buchenwald,
Bergen-Belsen, and Sobibor
the Holocaust

upon arrival at the camps the
people were divided into two
groups


1) Those who were fit and healthy
enough to do heavy labor
2) Those chosen to die
immediately – mothers with small
children, the old, the sick, and the
weak.
the Holocaust
 The
systematic destruction of the Jews is
called the Holocaust.
 Most Jews were killed by poison gas or
shot.
the Holocaust

It is estimated that at least 6 million
Jews died.
 In addition about another 6 million
Slavs, Gypsies, physically and
mentally disabled, and political
prisoners were also killed.
the Holocaust

Some individuals risked their lives to try and hide
the Jews from the Nazis. Unfortunately many
more people became collaborators and helped
the Nazis track down the Jews for extermination.
 The Vichy government in France shipped tens of
thousands of Jews to the death camps.
 Some governments like Denmark refused to
cooperate with the Nazis and as a result very
few of their Jews were deported for
extermination.
ALLIED WAR EFFORT

the "Big Three" of Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin decided that the defeat of
Germany was first priority, the Japanese could
wait.
 The Allies distrusted each other Churchill
thought that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe.
Roosevelt thought that Churchill wanted to
expand the British imperial power.
 Stalin believed that the U.S. and Britain wanted
to destroy communism.
ALLIED WAR EFFORT
 This
distrusted in each other was
increased because in 1942 Stalin wanted
another front opened to relieve pressure
on Soviets and Churchill and Roosevelt
said that they did not have the resources
to do that. (Will not happen until 1944)
Total War
 Like
World War I, the Allies were
committed to a total war.
 Governments took control of economic
resources ordering factories to stop
making civilian items and to turn out
military equipment.
 Essential consumer goods (shoes, sugar,
& gas) were rationed and there were
regulations on prices and wages.
Total War

Governments limited
citizens rights and
censored the press.
 Propaganda was used to
raise awareness and funds
for the war effort.
 On the positive side,
unemployment vanished
from most countries.
Total War

In the United States, one of the worst incidents
of the war for America was the treatment of the
Japanese-Americans.
 Those Japanese-Americans who lived on the
West Coast were forced into relocation camps
(many lost businesses, jobs and homes).
 To show their patriotism many Nisei or
American-born Japanese joined the war effort
where they were allowed to fight in Europe.
Women At War
 women
once again proved to be very
important in the war effort.
 Women built ships, planes, and tanks.
Women At War

Women joined the armed
forces in auxiliary roles drove trucks, delivered
airplanes, assisted at antiaircraft sites etc.
 In USSR women saw
combat
 in France many women
joined the Resistance
movements
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 In
North Africa British forces under the
leadership of General Bernard
Montgomery will turn General Rommel
and the German advance at the Battle of
El Alamein and pushing their way toward
Tunisia.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 At
the same time American forces under
the command of Dwight Eisenhower,
landed in Morocco and Algeria, advancing
on Tunisia from the west.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 The
combination of British and American
armies will defeat the Germans in Tunisia
forcing the Axis army to surrender
(250,000 men). This was one of the
turning point in the war
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 in
July 1943 the US and British forces will
invade Sicily opening a new front.
 Under the leadership of General George
Patton US forces will then move on to the
Italian peninsular.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 The
Italians were fed up with Mussolini
and he was forced to resign and placed
under arrest. (He will be rescued by elite
German commandos)
 With Mussolini out of power the Italians
made peace with the Allies.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 Although
Italy changed sides the Germans
still controlled the northern part of Italy and
had dug in and will fight to the end of the
war.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 In
the spring of 1942 Germany launched a
new offensive aiming for the rich oil fields
of southern Russia.
 They were successful until they reached
the city of Stalingrad.
 Hitler wanted the city because of its name
and Stalin wanted to keep the Germans
out for the same reason.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 The
fighting became brutal; soldiers were
fighting street to street, house to house,
room to room.
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 In
November, 1942 the Russians launched
a counterattack that encircled more than
600,000 German soldiers inside the city.
 Hitler refused to let them retreat.
Map of the Stalingrad Area
TURNING POINTS IN THE WAR
 In
the end about 100,000 Germans were
taken prisoners of war (only about 5,000
will ever return to Germany) and about
300,000 were killed or wounded.
 The losses in North Africa and Stalingrad
greatly weakened the German army.
 From this point on they are on the
defensive.
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
 By
1944 the Allies were ready to open a
second front in Europe.
 Dwight Eisenhower was made Supreme
Commander of Allied Forces Europe and
ordered to plan and carry out the invasion
of France.
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
 To
prepare for the assault the allies had to
first reduce Germany’s capacity to make
war.
 This was done by allied bombers, German
cities and factories were bombed day and
night in an effort to reduce the Nazi war
machine.
 By June 1944 the allies controlled the
skies over Europe.
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
 The
invasion could now have a reasonable
chance of success.
 The invasion of France known as
Operation Overlord (D-Day is the day of
the invasion) this was the greatest
amphibious invasion in history (more
4,000 transport ships, 600 warships and
11,000 aircraft).
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
A
force of 2 million British, American,
Polish, and Canadian troops will land
(179,000 on the first day) with another
million supporting the landings from the air
and sea.
THE INVASION OF FRANCE
 The
Allies landed at Normandy on June 6,
1944 on five beach locations and quickly
pushed inland.
 By August 25, 1944 the Allies had
liberated Paris.
Chapter 31 Section 4 The End
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 From
December, 1941 to May, 1942
Japan had won an uninterrupted series of
victories.
 During that six month period they had
captured Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong,
Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and the
Philippine Islands.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 In
the Philippines they killed tens of
thousands of American and Filipino
prisoners of war on what became know as
the Bataan Death March, a 68 mile forced
march through the tropical heat without
food or water
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 Japan
controlled most of Southeast Asia.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC

warfare in the Pacific will be very different than
the fighting in Europe.
 Fighting in the Pacific meant landing on
Japanese occupied islands and fighting inland.
 Japanese soldiers were fanatical in their
obedience to their emperor, Hirohito.
 Japanese soldiers seldom surrendered even
though the battle was lost, to do so would mean
dishonor to them and their families.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 the
Japanese will suffer their first setback
in May 1942 at the Battle of the Coral
Sea when Japan tried to invade Australia.
 This five day battle was unique in that it
was fought by airplanes launched from
carriers not by ships.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 It
was the first major defeat of the war for
Japan because it stopped their invasion.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 The
next month, June, 1942, American
forces led by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
will defeat the Japanese at the Battle of
Midway.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC

American had broken the
Japanese military code,
using that information the
American fleet of 3 aircraft
carries and 27 other ships
was able to defeat a
Japanese fleet of 6 aircraft
carries and 121 other ships
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 Japanese
planes were caught on the
decks of carriers during re-fueling and rearming. 322 planes and 4 aircraft carriers
lost by Japanese.
 This was the turning point in the Pacific
and the Americans were now able to take
the offensive.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 General
Douglas MacArthur was named
Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in
the Pacific.
 The American war campaign in the Pacific
was known as "Island Hopping".
 US forces would attack some Pacific
islands while by-passing others.
 Even with this the loses were staggering
on both sides.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 The
first major Allied offensive was at
Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
WAR IN THE PACIFIC

Other important islands
include Tarawa (3,973
American causalities – 4,713
Japanese were killed, 17
captured)
 Saipan (17,286 American
causalities – 24,000 Japanese
killed, 5,000 suicides and 921
captured)
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
Jima (26,504 American causalities –
20,703 Japanese killed, 216 captured),
 Iwo
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
 Okinawa
( 51,429 American causalities,
79 ships destroyed, 763 aircraft destroyed
– 83,000 Japanese killed, 7,455 captured,
16 ships sunk, 3,130 aircraft destroyed
and about 130,000 civilians killed or
missing)
The End of Nazi Germany
 After
the freeing of France the Allied
armies pushed on towards Germany.
 In Germany Hitler said; “If the war is to be
lost the nation also will parish”.
 Hitler ordered Germans to fight to the
death and to destroy everything so that
nothing will be left.
The End of Nazi Germany
 Hitler
decided to attempt one last
counterattack in December, 1944 against
the Allies with the goal being the city of
Antwerp.
 The attack became known as the Battle of
the Bulge.
The End of Nazi Germany

During this battle both
sides took heavy
causalities.
 The battle was a total
failure for the Germans and
they were now facing the
Americans/British in the
West and the Soviets in the
East.
The End of Nazi Germany
 Germany
had now been under around the
clock bombing for almost 2 years.
 Most of Germany’s cities were now in ruin.
The End of Nazi Germany
 On
February 14, and 15 1945 the city of
Dresden was bombed resulting in at least
135,000 civilian causalities.
The End of Nazi Germany

By March the Allies had crossed the
Rhine and in the east Soviet troops
were closing in on Berlin
The End of Nazi Germany
 Germany's
war machine had collapse.
 German forces in Italy surrendered.
 Mussolini was captured by the Italians who
shot him and hung his body upside down
The End of Nazi Germany
 In
late April 1945 Hitler will commit suicide
along with his wife, Eva Braun just before
the Soviets could capture him.
The End of Nazi Germany

On May 7, 1945
Germany surrenders to
the Soviets and Allies
this became known as
V-E Day (Victory in
Europe)
The End In The Pacific
 When
it became clear that Japan was
loosing the war they began using
kamikaze pilots.
The End In The Pacific
 These
were volunteer suicide pilots who
would crash their fully loaded planes into
American ships (great honor to die for the
emperor).
 This was Japan's final desperate attempt
to stop the Allied advance toward their
homeland
The End In The Pacific
The End In The Pacific
 On
April 12, 1945 FDR died from a
massive stroke and Harry S. Truman
became President of the United States.
The End In The Pacific




In the United States the Manhattan Project was the
code name given to the building of an atomic bomb.
The scientists had finally created one and tested it in the
desert of New Mexico in June of 1945.
As America planned the invasion of Japan the Allies
contemplated that it would cost over 1 million Allied
casualties (based on the cost of taking Iwo Jima and
Okinawa).
Given that information President Truman will decide to
drop the atomic bomb on Japan instead of trying to
invade. The goal was to save lives, both Japanese and
Americas.
The End In The Pacific

On August 6, 1945 a bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima a city of
about 345,000 people (100,000
died instantly).
 The USSR declared war on
Japan on August 8, 1945. Japan
still refused to surrender
The End In The Pacific
 August
9 another bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki (70,000 died instantly).
 Faced with the destruction of all of Japan’s
cities Emperor Hirohito announced Japans
surrender on August 14, 1945 (V-J Day).
The World War II was finally over.
Chapter 31 Section 5 The Cost
“When you go home
Tell them for us and
say For your
tomorrow We gave
our today”
CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II





“Give me ten years and you will not be able to
recognize Germany” Adolf Hitler 1933.
By 1945 Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Russia,
Japan and several other countries were in ruin.
Cities were gutted. Factories, railroads, bridges,
farms, and homes were destroyed.
Millions of people were displaced and refugees.
They wandered Europe looking for lost love
ones.
Hunger and disease will continue to kill long
after the fighting ended
CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II
 the
cost of the war in human lives is
estimated at 75 million people, this
includes civilian casualties.
 There are 14 million military dead, half of
them Russian.
 The Soviet Union lost the most people
estimated at 22 million dead.
CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II
 More
than 12 million died in death camps.
 The horrors of the Holocaust and other
savage crimes against humanity
discredited the regimes of Japan,
Germany, and Italy.
CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II
 The
cost in dollars is unknown.
 However the United States spent 288
billion dollars ( in today’s money, 1.5
trillion dollars)
CASUALTIES OF WORLD WAR II
 As
the Allies moved across Europe they
liberated the Nazi death camps and the
world became fully aware of the horrors of
the Holocaust.
 The Nazi commander of Auschwitz will
admit that he killed at least 2.5 million
Jews – not counting those that died of
disease or starvation.
War Crimes
 During
the war the allies had agreed that
they would put on trial the Axis leader for
“crimes against humanity”.
War Crimes
A
total of 177 German and Austrian
officials were put on trial.
 142 were found guilty, 10 of the top Nazi
leaders receive death sentences, the
others prison terms.
United Nations
 In
an effort to promote world peace, in
1945 some 50 countries met in San
Francisco to establish the United Nations
charter.
 The UN charter set up a General
Assembly and a Security Council with five
permanent members-US, USSR, Great
Britain, France, and China and 10 nonpermanent members.
The Two Super Powers
 The
war drained and exhausted Britain
and France.
 The U.S. and the Soviet Union come out
of World War II as super powers.
The Cold War
 By
late 1945 the alliance that had defeated
Nazi Germany was coming apart.
 Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust
soon led to what is known as the Cold
War.

It is a state of tension and hostility among
nations without armed conflict.
The Cold War
 The
Cold War started over Eastern
Europe.
 Stalin and the west had very different
goals for the area.
 Stalin had 2 goals for Eastern Europe;


Spread communism to the area.
Create a buffer zone as a defense against the
West.
The Cold War
 The
West wanted Stalin to have free
elections in Eastern Europe.
 Stalin rejected that and by 1948 had
created pro-Soviet governments
throughout Eastern Europe.
The Cold War
described this as a “Iron
Curtain” dividing the continent.
 It also increased the western fear of
communism.
 Europe was now divided into “eastern” and
“western” blocs.
 Churchill
Greece
 Stalin
supported communist rebels trying
to overthrow the Greek government.
 He was also threatening Turkey.
Greece
 The
British were too weak to defend the
area.
 On March 1947, President Truman
announced the Truman Doctrine

a 400 million dollar program to help Greece
and Turkey fight communism.
Greece
 It
was all part of the Policy of
Containment – created by George
Kennan

its goal was to encircle communism and not
let it expand.
 This
will also become the bases for
American foreign policy for decades.
The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan – George
Marshall the United States
Secretary of State proposed that
the United States rebuild Europe
to help it fight hunger and
poverty and make it better able
to resist communism.
The Marshall Plan

The US even offers to
help the Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe
but they refuse.
 In all the United
States will spend
more than 12.5 billion
dollars to aid war torn
Europe.
Germany
 After
the war Germany was divided into 4
zones of occupation – USSR, US, France,
British.
 France, Britain and the US united their
zones.
 Germany now was a divided nation East
and West.
 West Germany became a democracy and
East Germany communist.
Germany
 Inside
the Soviet zone was the old
German capital of Berlin.
 It also was divided into 4 zones of
occupation.
 In 1948 Stalin wanted the Allies out of
Berlin.
 He cut the railroad and highways into the
western sector.
Germany

The US created a round-theclock airlift for the city, the
Berlin Airlift.
 For more than a year
everything a city needed
was air lifted into Berlin.
Increased Tensions
 In
1949 the US, Canada and nine western
European countries will form the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
 The Soviet Union will respond by creating
the Warsaw Pact.
Increased Tensions
 As
tensions continued both sides entered
an arms race.
 In 1949 the Soviets developed an atomic
bomb and the race was on.
Increased Tensions
 Both
sides tried to develop bigger bombs
and better delivery systems.
 Churchill said that the global balance of
power has become a balance of terror.
Balfour Declaration
 In
1917 Britain stated that a Jewish
homeland in Palestine was just
 Palestinians and Jews would divide lands
 1948 two Palestine’s were created (one for
Jews and one for Palestinians (Muslims)
 Same thing that happened with India and
Pakistan
 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke—by the end
of the war Palestinians without a home
Israeli Conflict
Six Days’ War—total victory for the
Israelis—took West Bank from Jordan and
Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt
 Camp David Accords—Israeli Prime
Minister Begin and Egyptian President
Sadat—Egypt first Arab country to
recognize Israel’s right to exist
 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
demanded a Palestinian state—most
famous leader of PLO was Yassir Arafat
 1967
Iran
 The
Shah of Iran began to westernize Iran
 Women given right to vote, better
education and land reforms
 Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists
 1979 Iranian Revolution broke out which
ousted the shad—Ayatollah Khomeini
created a theocracy—Americans taken
hostage
 Iran-Iraq War started in1980
Oil
 OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries) was formed in 1960
consisting of oil exporting countries mostly
in Middle East but also included the likes
of Venezuela
 Petroleum cartel controlled three-quarters
of the world’s petroleum
 1970s OPEC cut oil exports causing price
of oil
WORLD TRADE
 North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) between US, Mexico and
Canada
 European Union (EU) will be established—
uses common currency, the EURO
 EU created to give US economic
competition—contains 27 countries today
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
established in 1994
 WTO
contains 153 member states—
adhere to rules and regulations regarding
trade relationships
 Group of Six (G6) established in 1975
which included US, G.B., West Germany,
Italy, Japan and Poland
 Now known as G8 with Canada and
Russian being added—meet to discus
mutual and global concerns
Global Health Crisis
 World
Health Organization (WHO) works
to lower infant mortality and combat
various diseases—influenza and now
AIDS
SALT I and II
 Treaties
signed between the US and
USSR to limit nuclear weapons
 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
 Reduce ICBMs
Age of the Computer
 Single
most important technological
advance since the 1980s has been the
rise of computers—the internet