Transcript WW2

World War II
U.S. History
Causes
• World Depression
– Social and Economic Problems
• Dictatorships
– Italy, Japan, Germany
• Italy: Fascism.
• Germany: Popular uprising. Nazis.
• Japan: Military Government.
• World War I
Italy
• Fascism: The belief that the state or union
was more important than the individual.
– Lack of beliefs in personal freedom and
individuality.
– Believed that the military was a good thing, and
that war was good for the country and its
development.
• Mussolini wanted to recreate an Italian
Empire.
Germany
• The German people were upset about the
Treaty of Versailles.
• Germany first became a democracy after
WWI, the Republic of Germany (Weimar
Republik).
• Adolf Hitler forms the NAZI Party.
– Nation German Socialist Workers Party.
– Named Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
The beginning of WWII in Europe
• WWII did not start with the invasion of
Poland.
– Spain 1936: War between fascists and antifascists.
• General Francisco, fascist leader, gained support from
Italy, Germany.
• Anti-fascists were supported by Great Britain, the
Soviet Union, France, and the United States.
– Abraham Lincoln Brigade,International Brigade.
• Franco and the fascists won the war in 1939.
Asia and Japan
• Industrial problems due to depression. Lack of
fuel.
– Japan imported fuel and food for its industries and
population.
• The military took over the government.
• Army takes over Manchuria from China, and
invades China in 1937.
– December 13, 1937.
American, Europe, and Asia
• Return to isolationism.
• Congress passes neutrality resolutions in
1935, 1937.
– No arms trade, financial support to other
countries.
– Roosevelt accused of warmongering.
Mini Review
• Name the three countries that would later
become known as the Axis Powers.
• Who took over Germany in 1933?
– Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, William
Shakespeare, Emperor Palpatine, Lord Voldermort.
• Who won the Spanish Civil War?
• What happened in China in 1937?
Answers
• Germany, Italy, Japan.
• Adolf Hitler.
• Fascist Government.
– General Franco.
• Rape of Nanking, upon the invasion of China
by Japan.
Rumblings of War-Germany
• Hitler increases the military might of Germany.
• Der Anschluss (the connection)-1938.
– Annexation of Austria.
• Annexation of the Sudetenland (part of
Czechoslovakia).
– British PM Chamberlain, French PM Daldier give
this area to Germany.
• “Peace with honor…peace in our time.” quote
– appeasement
The Holocaust
• Misconceptions:
– Victims were only Jews.
• Facts:
– Victims were Jews, Slavs (Slavic people, i.e. Polish,
Ukranians, Serbian), gypsies, homosexuals, special
needs people.
– Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”-November 9,
1938.
The Holocaust
• Jews were stripped of German citizenship.
– Arrested, sent off to KZ Camps (Concentration
Camps).
• Not all KZ Camps were death camps.
– Three death Camps. All others were internment camps.
• Sent to camps by train. Many people died on the way.
• Nearly 6 million Jews killed.
– Unknown how many others died.
– SS killed many on the front.
The Polish issue
• Poland had territory Germany wanted.
• Poland refused to give up the territory.
• France and Britain supported Poland.
– Expected Soviet support.
• Soviet Union, Germany sign non-aggression
treaty.
– Agree to divide Poland.
– Germany invades Poland—Blitzkrieg.
– Allies did not prevent it, but did declare war.
Post-Polish Invasion
Review
• True/False: Jews were the only victims of the
Holocaust.
• Kristallnacht means what?
• True/False: Poland agreed to turn over the
requested land to Germany.
• True/False: The Soviet Union agreed to help
Great Britain, France, and Poland.
Answers
•
•
•
•
False.
Night of Broken Glass.
False
False.
The “beginning”
• September 1, 1939-Germany attacks Poland.
– Soviet troops invade East Poland.
– Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
• Congress agrees to send arms to France and
Great Britain.
• Winter 1939-1940: Sitzkrieg.
– Phony war.
• April-May: Denmark, Normal, Belgium,
Luxembourg, France invaded.
Debacle at Dunkirk
• Germany invaded France via the Ardennes in
Belgium/Luxembourg/France.
– Avoided the famed Maginot Line altogether.
• French and British forces pushed back to Dunkirk.
– Sea port.
– More than 300, 000 French, British, Belgian soldiers
trapped by Germans.
– British evacuate the majority of the troops by June 4.
• Italy declares war on Great Britain (June 10),
France surrenders.
– Vichy France is set up.
Operation Dynamo
Battle of Britain
• German Air Force (Luftwaffe) bombs Great
Britain.
– July-October 1940
• RAF (Royal Air Force) vs. Luftwaffe
• The RAF decimated the Luftwaffe bomber fleet,
although they lost many pilots, as well.
• Result:
– Hitler called off the planned invasion of Great Britain
(Unternehmen Seelöwe—Operation Sea Lion)
Betrayal
• June 1941, Germany invades the Soviet Union
(USSR).
– Non-aggression pact was voided.
– Soviet Union joined Great Britain, Canada,
Australia as the “Allies.”
• At first Stalin refused to believe the reports
that Hitler had invaded the USSR.
– During this time, many soldiers were not allowed
to retreat as a result.
• The Red Army (USSR Army) lost many soldiers.
America, World War II
• American began to realize that it could not
stay neutral anymore.
• September 1940: Selective Service Act
– Draft.
• March 1941: Lend-Lease Act
– Army war material sent to Great Britain.
– Navy ships.
– American Navy, Army Air Force gained airfields.
Review
• Blitzkrieg means what?
• ________ is another name for the winter of
1939-1940.
• True/False: The soldiers at Dunkirk were all
captured.
• True/False: Germany won the Battle of
Britain.
• True/False: The Soviet Union stayed neutral.
Answers
•
•
•
•
•
Lightning War
Phony War: Sitzkrieg
False
False
False
America, Asia, Japan
• Japan allied itself with Germany and Italy.
– Wanted to rule all of Asia.
• June 1941: French Indochina (now Vietnam)
invaded.
– America stopped selling oil, steel to Japan.
– U.S. offers Lend-Lease to China.
– U.S. freezes Japanese assets in America.
• Hideko Tojo becomes the Premier of Japan.
– No more negotiations.
America, War
• December 7, 1941: “A Day that will live in
infamy.”
– Pearl Harbor
• 7:55 a.m. to 9:55 a.m.
– More than 2, 000 dead
• December 11, 1941: Italy, Germany declare war
on the United States.
– United States declares war.
• Japan invades the Philippines, Guam, Wake
Island.
America during WWII
• American entered the war unprepared.
– Car plants changed to tank manufacturing.
• Others changed to making planes.
• The American industry came to life quickly.
– Victory gardens were planted, to provide
vegetables.
– Food, gasoline, etc were rationed.
– Women joined the military, the workforce.
Japanese in America
• 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned
during the War.
– Males were allowed to fight in the military in
Europe.
• African Americans fought in both theaters.
– Japanese businesses and houses were taken by
the government.
• Racism raised its head during this time once again.
Pacific or Europe
• Roosevelt decided to deal with Hitler before Tojo.
– American troops invaded North Africa.
• American, British forces defeated the Afrika Korps
(Rommell).
• Kasserine Pass.
– Allied troops invaded Sicily, then Italy.
•
•
•
•
82nd Airborne became famous for fighting there.
Mussolini was overthrown and executed.
Italy surrendered and joined the Allies.
Germany invaded Italy.
Europe
• June 6, 1944: D-Day
– Normandy invaded.
– Omaha, Juno, Sword, Gold, Utah beaches.
• Airborne, Ranger, Infantry attacks.
• Allies liberate France, Belgium.
– 3rd Army, Patton become famous.
• Move on to the Netherlands.
Normandy
Normandy
Normandy
Nearing the End
• September 1944-January 1945
– Operation Market Garden (17-25 September)
• Offensive into the Netherlands
– Result: Nazi Victory, British 1st Airborne decimated, 82nd and
101st Airborne taken off the line after 3 months.
– Battle of the Bulge
• Last offensive of the Nazis.
– Bastogne: “Nuts.”-101st Airborne Division.
• Allied Forces close in on Germany from all
sides.
Pacific War
Locations
• Japan invaded Thailand in 1941.
• Japan invaded Malaya (British colony) in
December 1941.
• Hong Kong invaded December 1941.
• January 1942.
– Burma, Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the
Solomon Islands.
• 15 February 1942, Singapore surrendered.
Fighting in the Pacific
• May 8, 1942 the Bataan forces surrendered.
• May 4-8, 1942: Battle of Coral Sea.
– Heavy losses on both sides.
• Prevented the invasion of Port Moresby (Australia).
• June 4, 1942: Battle of Midway.
– Sea battle between aircraft carriers.
• First battle where the enemy command ships did not see
one another.
• September 1942: Australian Forces push back
Japanese in New Guinea.
Pacific Offensive
• September 1942-February 1943: Battle of
Guadalcanal.
– Allied victory.
• November 1943: Battle of Tarawa.
– U.S. Marines decimate Japanese forces.
• March-July: Japanese invade India.
– Japanese Failure.
• Battle of Saipan: 15-17 June 1944.
– Japanese Naval Carrier Fleet destroyed.
Heading to the end
• Leyt Gulf 1944: 23-26 October.
– Largest Naval battle in History.
• Phillipines 1944-1945: Retaking the islands.
– Cabanatuan prison camp liberated.
• Iwo Jima: February 23-March 26, 1945.
• Okinawa: April 1-June 21, 1945.
Yalta
• Soviet Union agrees to fight Japan after
Germany surrenders.
• Germany will be divided.
• Soviet Union will control East Europe, hold
democratic elections.
• United Nations will be organized.
End of the War
• April, 1945: FDR died.
– Truman takes over.
• April 25, 1945: Hitler commits suicide.
– Shortly thereafter, Germany surrendered.
• May 7, 1945
• American devotes full resources to Pacific War.
• August 9, 1945: First Atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima.
• August 12, 1945: Nagasaki bombed.
• September 2, 1945: Formal Japanese surrender.