Transcript PreWW II Ch.16 reducedx

Prelude To
War
(Chapt 16)
Threats to World Peace
 The Treaty of
Versailles and its
punishing provisions
would create hard
feelings throughout
Europe- this proves to be
a roadblock to lasting
peace.
 What were the Versailles
Treaty provisions?
Rise of Dictators-Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini,
Adolph Hitler, Francisco Franco
 Stalin (communist) will come
to power in the Soviet Union
in 1924 He “Purges” all
opposition- thousands
executed, millions die
 Mussolini (Il Duce)(fascist)
Creates the Fascist Party in Italy
in 1921, by 1922 controlled the
government.
 Hitler (fascist) comes to power
in 1928 in Germany
 Franco(fascist) overthrows the
Spanish monarchy in 1936 with
help from Hitler and Mussolini
Fascism vs. Communism
 Fascism- dictatorship,
central control of private
enterprise, militarism,
repression of opposition,
extreme nationalism.
Emphasizes class division.
 Communism- Classless
society in which all
property and wealth is
controlled by the state.
 Both are totalitarian …BUT
they completely opposed
each other
Adolph Hitler (Der Fuehrer) Fascist Dictator
 He joined the Nazi Party in
1919.
 Hitler rose to power and was
eventually elected by exploiting
the following:
1.Hardships of the Depression
2.German anger over the Versailles
Treaty (Germany as victim, and
“lebensraum” – living space)
3.Fear of Communism
4. Prejudices against Jewish people
that already existed in German
society.
 (His ideas were established in
his book- “Mein Kampf”)
 1930’-Nationalist military
leaders take control.
 In the late 1800’s Japan
changed into an industrial
military power by
Rise of Japan
(more Fascism and
dictatorship)
transforming the Shogun
feudal system.
 Japan defeats Russia in
1904.
 Japan was becoming over-
populated and wanted
(like, Hitler) more “living
space” and access to
natural resources.
 In 1931 Japan invades
resource rich Manchuria
 Rape of Nanking (1937-
1938) – 300,000 Chinese
POWs and civilians killedsymbolizes the brutality of
the Japanese military
Emperor Hirohito
Effects of Japan’s invasion of China
 No international action against Japan’s attack on
China gave Hitler and Mussolini the idea they
could start aggressions:…
 Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations
(’31)
 In 1935 Hitler begins to rebuild the German
military violating the Treaty of Versailles.
 In 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia “to re-establish the
Roman Empire.”
 In 1936 Germany re-occupies the Rhineland.
 In 1936 Germany and Italy announce the signing
of the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact.
 The League of Nations responds with economic
sanctions on Italy but nothing else.
American Anti-War Isolationist
Feelings
The US had little desire for a WWI
repeat.
 In 1928 the U.S. and 61 other nations had signed the
Kellogg-Briand Pact, in which they pledged never to make
war again.
1935 Congress passes the Neutrality
Acts designed to keep America out of
future wars.
Nazi Expansion In Europe
 March 12, 1938 -
Germany invades
and annexes
Austria.
 Hitler then demands
the Sudetenland (a
mainly ethnic German
area) back from
Czechoslovakia. (It
had been taken from
Germany as part of the
Versailles Treaty)
Munich Conference and
Munich Pact
 Hitler (Germany),
Daladier (France),
Chamberlain (Britain)
 This agreement would
turn the Sudetenland
over to Germany.
 Hitler promised to make
no more territorial
demands.
 Chamberlain announced
that they had achieved
“… peace in our time.”
Appeasement
 Definition: Giving in to
“Britain and France
demands in order to
had a choice between war
avoid war.
and dishonor. They chose
 The leader of Britain’s
dishonor. They will have
opposition party,
war.”
Winston Churchill
said…
-Winston Churchill
 March 15, 1939 –
Germany invades and
occupies the rest of
Chamberlain declaring
Czechoslovakia.
“peace in our time”
The need for “lebensraum”! (and the
Nazi/Soviet Non- aggression Pact)
 Hitler will now turn his
attention to the east (the
Russians).
 What problems could
this cause him? (think
about WWI)
 August 23, 1939 Hitler
and Stalin signed a
nonaggression pact (both
sides agreed not to fight
each other)
“The Blitzkrieg” begins
 Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany
invades Poland
 Sept. 3, 1939 – Britain
and France declare war
on Germany.
 Poland falls before
Britain and France had
a chance to make a
difference.
 The USSR also invades
Poland from the east to
take its share of the land.
The “Sitzkrieg”
(read only)
 France believed that they
were safe behind the
Maginot Line
 This is the ‘phony war’ or
‘sitzkrieg’ because nothing
would happen through the
winter of 1939-’40.
 The Soviet Union invades
Finland (after having
already occupied the Baltic
states of Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania).
Blitzkrieg in the West
(FYI/read only)
 April 9, 1940 – Germany
invades Denmark and
Norway, then the
Netherlands, Belgium
and Luxembourg.
 Britain and France
would now send troops
into Belgium.
 This attack was
anticipated by Germany
The Fall of France
 Germans invaded France
from the north, Italy also
invades France.
 Within a month France
fell.
 (French General Charles
de Gaulle escapes, he
becomes the leader of
“Free France” (French
government?)while in
exile.)
 Vichy, France
Government is created(
French government?)
 The British army is
trapped in France and
barely escapes
destruction at Dunkirk
Beach.
Dunkirk: Hitler’s First Major
Mistake
 The evacuation of the
allied troops at
Dunkirk, France by the
British navy is
considered to be one of
the miracles of the war
 Hitler halts the German
army advance and
orders the Luftwaffe to
attack-this fails
 The British army
escapes along with
several thousand French
troops
A Change In British Leadership
The “weak old man of Munich”
Neville Chamberlain
“The Bulldog”Winston Churchill
The Battle of Britain
 After the fall France,
only Britain is left to
fight in Europe. The
Battle of Britain was
an air campaign
 Continual bombing in
an attempt to knock
out the RAF (Royal Air
Force) and destroy
Britain’s will to fight.
 This “battle” lasts
about 1 year. Britain
prevails. Germany
does not invade.
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
 Tripartite Pact
(1940) – Japan joins
the Axis of Germany
and Italy.
The American Response
 We had declared neutrality, (but in name only. )
 We had been requiring “Cash
and Carry”…but who
were we selling to?
 FDR increases spending on the military.
 We begin the first peacetime military draft
 1940 FDR wins a third presidential term
“The Arsenal of Democracy”- (Lend
Lease)
 By 1940 Britain had no more cash. FDR offers ‘lend
lease’ (1941).
 FDR –said the United States would become “the
arsenal of democracy”
 The president could lend or lease arms to any country
whose defense was vital to the United States.
 What countries would that be?
Operation Barbarossa
 June 22, 1941 –
Germany invades the
Soviet Union.
 The U.S. would give
Lend/Lease supplies
to the Soviets just as
we did the British.
 Churchill defended giving aid
to Stalin and the Communists
by saying…
“If Hitler invaded Hell, I would
be prepared to work with the
devil himself.”
Winston Churchill
Atlantic Charter
 Churchill and FDR meet
 They sign a document
stating the reasons for
opposing the Axis – (the
U.S. was not in the war
yet. )
 Atlantic Charter (pg
554) becomes the basis
of The United Nations
 The U.S. and Germany
will be fighting an
undeclared naval war.
Q: What Did FDR Say The US Must
Support?
Japanese
Expansion
 By 1941, only the U.S. kept
Japan from expansion
 In the summer of 1941 the U.S.
cut off oil trade with Japan
(What would this affect?)
“… a date that shall live in
infamy.” Dec. 7, 1941
 The Japanese fleet attacks
the American fleet at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
 US losses were; 18 ships,
sunk, 350 planes destroyed
and over 2,000 killed.
 Japan’s Failure :…
 US aircraft carriers (the
most important ships in
the battle of the Pacific)
would be out of port.
 Aviation fuel tanks not
destroyed
FDR’s War Message To Congress
Extra slides
This Time
... This time we must make certain
That this time is the last time.
This time we won’t say curtains
Till we ring it down in their own hometown.
For This time we have to finish
The job we started then.
Clean it up for all time, this time,
So we never have to do it again.
Dressed up to win.
We are dressed up to win.
Dressed up for a victory.
We are just beginning and we won’t stop winning
Til the world is free!
Failure of the League of Nations
 (Remember this group
had been formed as
part of the Versailles
Treaty-it’s purpose was
to help avoid war)
 Response to Italy’s
invasion of Ethiopia
was to boycott & issue
sanctions and threats.
 The emperor of Ethiopia
appealed to the League
and warned, “It is us
today, it will be you
tomorrow.”
“Never has so much been owed by so
many to so few” –Churchill referring to RAF fighter pilots
(read only)
 In the Battle of
Britain, use of RADAR
and the efforts of the
RAF fighter pilots hold
off the Germans
 Hitler switched from
attacking military sites
to the cities -this gives
the RAF time to rest
and train new pilots.
 Hitler calls off the
planned invasion