Transcript WWII in the Pacific

WWII in the Pacific
Day 1
Please sit with a friend.
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Vocabulary & Key Concepts
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Bushido Code
Tripartite Pact
Japan-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Embargo
Lend-Lease (Again)
Pearl Harbor
Philippines
Bataan Death March
Island Hopping
General Douglass MacArthur
(Army)
• Admiral Chester Nimitz (Navy)
• Doolittle Raids
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Battle of Midway
Guadalcanal
Tarawa
Saipan
Peleliu
Kamikaze
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Entrance Ticket
• Please answer the following question in your
notes:
– Why did the Japanese choose to undertake a
policy of expansion in the late 1930s and early
1940s?
– Why did the U.S. take issue with this expansion?
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Learning Targets:
1. I can describe the importance of the Bushido Code for Japanese
soldiers in WWII.
2. I can describe the strategies employed by the Japan and U.S. in the
Pacific during WWII.
BUSHIDO CODE, JAPANESE
EXPANSION, & STRATEGIES
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Analytical Reading Activity
• Working with a Partner please read and
annotate your assigned Bushido Code Article.
– “Reading 1: The Bushido Code: An Overview”
– “Reading 2: The Bushido Code: In Practice”
• When you have finished reading and
annotating please discuss what you read with
your partner.
• Be prepared to discuss your reading with the
class.
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Bushido--Japanese Warrior Tradition
• Importance of Honor
– To surrender is to
disgrace your family &
your country
• Death in Service of the
Emperor
• Japan has never been
defeated
“The other enduring
image of total
sacrifice is that of the
kamikaze pilot,
plowing his plane
packed with high
explosives into an
enemy warship.”
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Japanese Expansion--Review
• Goals
– 3000 Mile E. Asian Empire—1940 (4,000 mi. by 1942)
– Access to Resources
– Living Space
• Expansion
– Korea, Manchuria, E./S. China, French Indochina,
Dutch East Indies…
• Alliances:
– Axis Powers (Tripartite Pact)—1940
– Japan-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact—1940
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Japanese Empire--1942
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U.S. Response--Review
• Embargo scrap metal,
iron, and steel (1940)
• Freeze All Japanese
Assets
• Lend Lease Aid to China
• Oil Embargo
– Japan had depended on
U.S. for 80% of its oil
Japanese Occupation of Indonesia
After Pearl Harbor: Executive Order 9066
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Japanese Pacific Strategy
• Knock out US fleet at
Pearl Harbor
• Occupy islands in the
Pacific and defend
them
• Hope Allies will grow
weary of war and give
up
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Execution of Japan Strategy
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Attack on Philippines
– General Douglas MacArthur
– Commanding general in the
Philippines
• flees Philippines
– 78,000 American and Filipino
soldiers forced to surrender
– Begins Bataan Death March
(10:45) (20,000 + die)
“Do not live in shame as a
prisoner. Die, and leave no
ignominious crime behind you.”
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U.S. Strategy
• Executive Order 9066
• Island Hopping
– Military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan
» Idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and
instead concentrate the Allied resources on strategically
important islands that were not well defended but capable
of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.
• Commanding Generals
– General Douglass MacArthur (Army)
– Admiral Chester Nimitz (Navy)
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Learning Target:
• I can identify and describe the importance of the key battles of
WWII in the Pacific theater.
KEY PACIFIC BATTLES OF WWII
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Doolittle Raids (April 18, 1942)
• What: The first air raid by the U.S. to strike the
Japanese Home Islands
• Purpose:
– Restore American Morale
– Get Japanese to Question Their Leadership
– Retaliation for Pearl Harbor
• Significance: Little physical damage
– ; but mental toll on Japanese people…question leaders
– Led Japanese to hastily plan attack on Midway (the last
U.S. base west of Hawaii)…Midway would become major
turning point in Pacific
– Japan moved key aircraft carrier from Indian Ocean to
defend home islands
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Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942)
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Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942)
• Significance:
– Key Pacific Naval
Battle…Turning point in the
Pacific
– Halted the Japanese advance
– Decoded secret Japanese
transmissions
– Destroyed 4 Japanese Carriers
– Irreparable damage to Japan’s
Pacific Fleet…evens the
playing field b/n 2 Navy
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Guadalcanal (8/7/42-2/9/43)
• Aug. 7, 1942 –Feb. 9, 1943
• “6 months of Hell”
– 1st Marines
• Significance
– First US land victory in Pacific
– Puts Japanese on retreat
– Protect US supplies in Australia
& route b/n US & Australia
– Prevents Japanese airfield from
being constructed
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Guadalcanal
• “The average soldier on Guadalcanal ran a
fever, wore stinking dungarees, loathed
twilight, and wondered if the US Navy still
existed.”
– Sid Phillips
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Guadalcanal
• Based on the fighting at Guadalcanal, what
could you assume about the war with the
Japanese?
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Terror in the Pacific (1943-1944)
• Tarawa (Nov. 20-23, 1943)
– First major battle in the Central Pacific
• Need to take ctrl. of Gilbert Islands to open door
to Marshall and Marianas Islands…Need to gain
airfields
– Only 1 Japanese officer & 16 enlisted men
surrendered (out of 4,690)
– Over 3,100 US casualties
• Saipan (June 15-July 9, 1944)
– Coveted as airfield as put Japan’s home islands w/in
range of B-29
– Japanese enlist soldiers and civilians to fight in battle
(20,000 civilian deaths)
• Peleliu (Sept. 15-Nov. 27, 1944)
– 9,834 Amer. casualties on an island w/ little strategic
importance…party of Japanese soldiers held out until
1947!!!
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Battle of Leyte Gulf
(Oct. 23-26, 1944)
• MacArthur: Fulfills
Promise to Return to
Philippines
• Largest Naval Battle in
History
– First use of Kamakazi
– Opens up liberation of
Philippines
– Cut off Japan from vital
supplies of Petroleum
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Kamikaze
• Kamikaze (Age 17-35…got younger as the war progressed)
– “The other enduring image of total sacrifice is that
of the kamikaze pilot, plowing his plane packed
with high explosives into an enemy warship.”
– “I am pleased to have the honor of having been
chosen as a member of a Special Attack Force that
is on its way into battle, but I cannot help crying
when I think of you, Mum. When I reflect on the
hopes you had for my future ... I feel so sad that I
am going to die without doing anything to bring
you joy.”
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Peer Editing
• Please exchange your Rough Draft with a
classmate.
• Read your classmate’s rough draft (make
annotations and corrections as needed).
• After you are finished Peer Editing return the
rough draft to its owner and discuss your
edits.
• Please make constructive suggestions.
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WWII in the Pacific
Day 2
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Essays
•Please pass the final
draft of your essay
forward.
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Vocabulary & Key Concepts
• Iwo Jima
• Okinawa
• Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
• Firebombing
• General Leslie Groves
• J. Robert
Oppenheimer
• Albert Einstein
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Los Alamos
“Fat Man”
“Little Boy”
V-J Day: September 2,
1945
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Learning Target:
• I can describe the first attacks by the U.S. on the Japanese Home
Islands.
IWO JIMA & OKINAWA
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Iwo Jima (Feb. 19-March 26, 1945)
• First American attack on
Japanese home islands
• Significance:
– Emergency air base for
American bombers
– 1st time Americans had more
killed/wounded than Japanese
– What was this a sign of?
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Iwo Jima—Feb. 1945
• General Kuribayashi
– Brilliant; western
educated
• Japanese Strategy
– Fought entire battle
underground (16 mi. of
tunnel; 1500 rooms)
– Strategy called for no
Japanese survivors;
planned to die
– Kill 10 Americans before
they’re killed
"You must not expect my survival,"
General Kuribayashi wrote to his wife
long before the invasion came. “
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Americans Raise Flag at Iwo Jima
• 1st time Americans had
more killed/wounded
than Japanese
“The Marines were above ground and
the Japanese were below them
underground. The Marines rarely saw
an alive Japanese soldier. The Japanese
could see the Marines perfectly. ”
Mount Suribachi
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Okinawa--April 1-June 22, 1945
• Objectives
– Destroy Japan’s
merchant fleet
– Estbl. US Air Bases to
target Jap. Industry
– Create American supply
base
• Casualties:
– Allies: 40,000 +
– Japanese: 100,000+
– Civilians: 10s of 1,000s
• “Typhoon of Steele”
– Massive Allied Invasion
– Ferocity of fighting and
kamikaze attacks…
influences US decision to
drop the bomb…why?
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Okinawa
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Analytical Reading Activity 1
• Working with a Partner please read and
annotate your assigned Iwo Jima Summary
Article.
– “The Battle of Iwo Jima”
– “Iwo Jima Retrospective”
• When you have finished reading and
annotating please discuss what you read with
your partner.
• Be prepared to discuss your reading with the
class.
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Discussion Prompt 1
• How did the intense fighting at Iwo Jima and
Okinawa influence the U.S. decision to drop
the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
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Learning Target:
• I can describe the rationale behind and the impact of the U.S.’s fire
and atomic bombing campaigns against Japan during WWII.
THE FIRE & ATOMIC BOMBING OF
JAPAN
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Firebombing Japan (March 1945)
• Target largest industrial
areas of Japan
– Nearly every major
Japanese city
firebombed
• Massive Civilian
Casualties
• Tokyo
– 80,000 die
– 250,000 buildings
destroyed
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Analytical Reading Activity 1.5
• Working with a Partner please read and
annotate your assigned Iwo Jima Summary
Article.
– “The Decision to Firebomb Japan”
• When you have finished reading and
annotating please discuss what you read with
your partner.
• Be prepared to discuss your reading with the
class.
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Firebombing Discussion Prompts
• Why did General Curtis LeMay implement the
use of firebombing against Japan?
• What impact did this have on the cities and
populations of Japan? Give specific examples.
• Can the use of firebombing against Japanese
civilian populations be justified?
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An Eyewitness Account to the
Firebombing of Japan
“Stacked up corpses were being hauled away on lorries. Everywhere
there was the stench of the dead and of smoke. I saw the places on the
pavement where people had been roasted to death. At last I
comprehended first-hand what an air-raid meant. I turned back, sick and
scared. Later I learned that 40% of Tokyo was burned that night, that
there had been 100,000 casualties and 375,000 left homeless.”
“A month after the March raid, while I was on a visit to Honjo on a
particularly beautiful cherry-blossom day, I saw bloated and charred
corpses surfacing in the Sumida River. I felt nauseated and even more
scared than before.”
“We ourselves were burned out in the fire raid of May 25th 1945. As I
ran I kept my eyes on the sky. It was like a fireworks display as the
incendiaries exploded. People were aflame, rolling and writhing in agony,
screaming piteously for help, but beyond all mortal assistance.”
Fusako Sasaki
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Japan Firebombing:
A Path of Destruction
Name of Japanese
city firebombed
Percentage of the
city destroyed
Equivalent in size to
the following American city
Yokohama
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Cleveland
Tokyo
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New York
Toyama
99
Chattanooga
Nagoya
40
Los Angeles
Osaka
35.1
Chicago
Nishinomiya
11.9
Cambridge
Siumonoseki
37.6
San Diego
Kure
41.9
Toledo
Kobe
55.7
Baltimore
Omuta
35.8
Miami
Wakayama
50
Salt Lake City
Kawasaki
36.2
Portland
Okayama
68.9
Long Beach
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After the Firebombing Campaign…
• Japan
still
refused to surrender.
• So we drop the “A” bombs… (and change the
world)
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Cold Read & Discussion
EINSTEIN’S LETTER TO FDR
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Analytical Reading Activity 2
• Working with a Partner please read and
annotate your assigned Einstein/Fire Bombing
Readings.
– “Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939”
• When you have finished reading and
annotating please discuss what you read with
your partner.
• Be prepared to discuss your reading with the
class.
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Discussion Prompt 2
• What was Einstein requesting of FDR’s
administration in his letter?
• Why do you think Einstein was making such a
request, despite being a pacifist?
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Manhattan Project (1942-1945)
• What?
• Code-name for the U.S. program to
develop an atomic bomb (Actually took
place in Chicago, Ill. and Los Alamos,
NM. Sneaky…)
• Leaders
– General Leslie Groves
– J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Why Use It on Japan?
– Estimate of Japan-Invasion Casualties
• 1M-4M U.S. casualties
• 10M Japanese casualties
– Cost of Project
• 130,000 employees
• $2B (current $23B)
– Intimidate Soviets
– Retaliation for Pearl Harbor and Bataan
Death March
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Los Alamos: July 16, 1945
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The “A” Bombs – “Fat Man” & “Little Boy”
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Reflections on the Bomb:
Los Alamos, July 16, 1945
• We knew the world would not be the same. A
few people laughed, a few people cried, most
people were silent. I remembered the line from
the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita.
Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he
should do his duty and to impress him takes on
his multi-armed form and says, "Now, I am
become Death, the destroyer of worlds." I
suppose we all felt that one way or another.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
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Reflections on the Bomb
• At Los Alamos during World War II there was
no moral issue with respect to working on
the atomic bomb. Everyone was agreed on
the necessity of stopping Hitler and the
Japanese from destroying the free world. It
was not an academic question ‚ our friends
and relatives were being killed and we,
ourselves, were desperately afraid.
-Joseph O. Hirschfelder, chemist
• What do the quotes by Oppenheimer and Hirschfelder reveal to us
about the decision to use the atomic bombs on Japan?
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Dropping the Atomic Bomb
(8:32)
• Hiroshima—Aug. 6, 1945
– Paul Tibbits the “Enola Gay” and “Little Boy”
– 71,000 + killed
• Nagasaki—Aug. 9, 1945
– Neil Bocks—”Boc’s Car” and “Fat Man”
– 42,000+ killed
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Japan’s Surrender--1945
• V-J Day: September 2, 1945
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Immediate Consequences of WWII
• U.S. and Soviet Union establish themselves as
dominant powers: bipolar world
• Initiates start of the Cold War; “Iron Curtain”
– Division of the world into US/Soviet Spheres
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Nuclear Arms Race
United Nations
Nuremberg Trials
Massive human/economic costs
– Why does US offer to help rebuild Europe/Japan
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Preparing for Socratic Seminar
• Please use your remaining time to prepare for
next classes Socratic Seminar.
• Be prepared to discuss whether Truman was
justified in dropping the “A” bomb on Japan.
• Also, be prepared to compare the modern day
use of Unmanned Drones to the Use of the
Atomic Bomb.
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