Transcript ch 21 fighting wwii (wiki version)x

Warm Up
Explain how the US was involved
in Battles in both oceans.
Ch 21 Quiz A – Tues. 22-Mar
Ch 21 Quiz B – Fri. 8-Apr
Ch 21 Key Terms due – Fri. 8-Apr
Building the Military
0 After Germany’s invasion of Poland, FDR expanded
the army to 227,000 soldiers
0 Most Americans opposed a peacetime draft
0 Opinions changed when France surrendered to
Germany in 1940
0 After Pearl Harbor, more than 60,000 enlisted
0 New bases were built
0 At the beginning of the war, the army was still
segregated
0 Was not fully integrated until 1948
US Enters WWII
0 Japan thought after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the
Americans would be terrified and try to avoid going
to war.
0 Instead US was united against the new foe
0 Young Americans wanted to sign up to serve
0 5 million volunteered
0 10 million were drafted
African Americans in Combat
0 Col. Benjamin Davis Sr. promoted to brigadier
general
0 Tuskegee Airmen – first African American unit in
the Air Force
0 Protected bombers on the way to their targets
0 Never lost a member to enemy fire
Minorities in the Military
0 Japanese Americans not originally allowed to serve,
but eventually were allowed to serve
0 2 Japanese American units became the most
decorated in US history
0 500,000 Hispanic Americans served in the armed
forces
0 1/3 of all Native Americans served
0 More than 400 served as code talkers
0 About 500,000 Jewish Americans served
Women Join the Armed Forces
0 Women joined, but were barred from combat
0 Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) was
created
0 Women volunteers would serve in noncombat
positions
0 Women received official status and salary, bur few
other benefits.
0 Later re-named Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
0 Women were then given full benefits
0 Worked as: nurses, ambulance drivers, radio
operators, electricians and pilots
Converting the Economy
0 Production increased rapidly after the
invasion of Pearl Harbor
0 Needed war-planes, tanks, uniforms, and
enough ships to support a “Two-Ocean”
navy
0 Gov’t used cost-plus contracts to encourage
companies to produce military equipment
0 Gov’t pays the cost of producing the product
0 Plus a guaranteed percentage as profit
Converting the Economy
0 Congress authorized the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation to give loans to
companies who wanted to convert factories to
produce war products
0 By summer 1942 almost all major industries
and other companies converted to war
production
Changes in Industry
0 The war affected many aspects of life
0 Private vehicles no longer produced after Feb ‘42
0 Automobile plants were turned into plants to
build tanks, planes, boats and other military
vehicles
0 Many factories across the US changed to war
production
0 Mechanical pencils – bomb parts
0 Bedspreads – mosquito netting
0 Soft drinks – filling explosive shells
0 Factories were producing ships, tankers and
aircraft carriers at a rapid pace
Industry Employees
0 By 1944 18 million workers were laboring in
war industries
0 6 million were women
0Previously industries thought women lacked
the stamina needed to factory work
0 2 million were minorities
0Previously, employers were not willing to
hire them outside of menial jobs
Changes in Society
0 Many families had fathers serving in the military
and mothers employed outside the house
0 Children had to adjust to babysitters and child-care
centers
0 Parents returning from war often had a difficult
readjustment
0 Couples were getting married at a rapid pace
0 For soldiers returning home, the government
offered tuition to colleges and technical schools
and offered loans to help veterans buy homes or
farms or start businesses.
Racial Equality
0 While many changes in life had taken place,
there was still prejudices and racist/sexist
policies in place
0 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) –
organized to combat urban segregation in the
north
0 Riots began to erupt and ended in violence
and deaths
Racial Equality
0 While many changes in life had taken place,
there was still prejudices and racist/sexist
policies in place
0 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – organized
to combat urban segregation in the north
0 Riots began to erupt and ended in violence
and deaths
Minorities in the Labor Force
0 Minority groups were discriminated against
0 Restricted to racially segregated neighborhoods
0 Some denied full citizenship rights
0 Still drafted
0 Despite this, many minorities chose to serve
0 300,000 Mexican-American citizens
0 1,000,000 African-American citizens
0 46,000 Asian-American citizens
0Many served as spies or interpreters in the
Pacific war
0 25,000 Native Americans (including 800 in WAC)
Racial Violence
0 Despite the number of minorities moving to
large cities to join the war effort, many still
faced suspicion and intolerance
0 June 20, 1943 – riot in Detroit that killed 34
0 Zoot suit riots in LA – fear of juvenile crime
mixed with racism against Mexican
Americans
Japanese Internment
0 110,000 Japanese-American citizens were
moved from their homes to camps
0 People feared that the Japanese were
committing sabotage against their fellow
Americans
0 Newspapers furthered the problem and
continued the prejudice
Japanese Internment
0 No specific charges were ever filed against
Japanese-Americans, no evidence of subversion
or sabotage was ever found
0 Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) -
wanted government to compensate JapaneseAmericans for their losses because of
internment. The individuals were not fully
compensated, and many did not receive any
money until 1990.
Wartime Production
0 As the war progressed, fewer consumer products
were being produced
0 Prices were increasing
0 FDR created the Office of Price Administration
(OPA)
0Prices were frozen for most products
0Income tax rates increased
0 Government encouraged people to spend their
spare cash on war bonds
Wartime Production
0 War Production Board (WPB) oversaw the
production of wartime goods, determined which
factories would make needed products and
allocate raw materials
0 Organized drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans,
paper, rags and cooking fat
Rationing
0 Households received a booklet of coupons
allowing them to purchase a certain amount of
limited availability goods (meat, sugar, coffee,
gas)
0 A black market emerged where people could
purchase more of the coupons or the desired
product illegally
Paying For War
0 Gov’t spent $300 million during the War
0 Raised taxes, but was only able to meet
45% of the cost
0 Used war bonds to make up the difference
0 Buy the bonds, gov’t promises to pay you
back plus interest in the future
0 Individuals bought $50 billion worth
0 Banks and other companies bought $100
billion
Invasion of Pearl Harbor
0 Japan wanted to control East Asia
0 Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia etc
0 US and its territories blocked their path,
and had placed an oil embargo on Japan
0 Emperor Hirohito wanted to retain peace
with US
0 General Tojo planned to attack
0 US knew they were coming, had broken
Japan’s codes
0warned the bases in the Pacific
Fall of the Philippines
0 After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese
attacked airfields in the Philippines
0 American and Filipino forces outnumbered
0 Retreated to Bataan Peninsula, but surrendered
after 3 months
0 Americans forced to march 65 miles to a Japanese
prison camp (Bataan Death March)
0 10,000 died during the march
Navajo Code Talkers
0 American marines used radios to communicate
when storming enemy beaches in the Pacific
0 Japanese could intercept and translate the
messages
0 Engineer Philip Johnston proposed the use of
Navajo (no written letters, not widely known)
0 Navajo recruits developed code words for
military terms
0 No longer needed code-machines, messages could
be transmitted quicker
The War in Europe
0 FDR and military strategists feared the
pressures of a two-front war
0 Churchill did not believe that US and Britain
were ready to invade Europe
0 Proposed to attack the periphery of the
German Empire instead
Strategic Bombing
0 Allies had been bombing Germany for years
0 Britain’s RAF had dropped 2300 tons of
explosives every month for 3 years
0 USAF dropped 1500 tons of bombs in 1943
0 Did not destroy Germany’s economy or undermine
morale
0 Caused severe oil shortage
0 Wrecked railroad system
0 Destroyed many aircraft factories
D-Day – Operation Overlord
0 Under Eisenhower, the Allies gathered almost 3
million fighters
0 Planned to attack a beach near Normandy in
France
0 Set up a phantom army with fake headquarters
and radio messages to trick the Nazis into
thinking they would invade Calais
0 In the middle of the night, 3 divisions parachuted
behind enemy lines
0 Before dawn, thousands of soldiers stormed the
beaches
0 German retaliation was brutal
D-Day – Operation Overlord
0 After 7 days, the Allies controlled 80 miles of France
0 Within a month, the Allies brought in over a million
troops
0 General Bradley used an air assault to give General
Patton the chance to advance
0 August 25, 1944 – Allies liberate Paris
0 September 1944 – Allies freed France, Luxembourg
and Belgium
Tehran Conference &
Planning D-Day
0 Complete the questions in the packet
using the online textbook
Battle of the Bulge
0 Hitler staged one last offensive movement
0 Wanted to cut off Allied supply lines
0 Germans attacked using surprise and speed
0 General Patton responded
0 Allied troops began fighting the Germans,
aircraft attacked fuel and supply lines
0 After 11 days, German's westward advance
stopped, after a month they had lost 100,000
troops
0 Allies now could force their way into Germany
War Ends in Europe
0 April 25, 1945 – Soviet army stormed Berlin
0 The city panicked: soldiers deserted, people were shot
on sight
0 Hitler hid in an underground bunker
0 Married his long-time girlfriend, then both committed
suicide (he requested that their bodies were burned after
death)
0 Wrote a speech for the German people that blamed the
Jews for starting WWII and then blamed his generals for
losing the war
0 The Third Reich issued an unconditional surrender to
Eisenhower
0 May 8, 1945 – V-E Day
FDR’s Death
0 FDR did not live to see V-E day, or the
dropping of the Atomic Bomb
0 he died April 12, 1945 of a stroke
0 was succeeded by Harry Truman
Liberation of the
Concentration Camps
0 Throughout Europe, Allied troops were liberating
the concentration and death camps
0 July 1944 – Soviets find the first death camp –
Majdanek
0 SS was trying to burn all evidence of the camp
when soldiers arrived
0 Liberated 1000+ prisoners, and found over
800,000 shoes belonging to those who had been
killed in the camp
Iwo Jima
0 Location of extremely fierce fighting
0 Island was a key location for refueling
0 Had been turned into a fortress by the
Japanese
0 Filled with concrete bunkers, all connected
by tunnels
0 Location of the famous image of the soldiers
planting the American flag on Mt. Suribachi
Attacking Japan
0 answer the questions in the packet
using the online notes
Dropping the Atomic Bomb
0 Manhattan Project – led by General Groves and
Oppenheimer
0 Truman wanted to use the bomb to avoid
having the US invade Japan
0 July 16, 1945 – tested the bomb
0 Truman decided to drop the bombs on 2
Japanese cities
0 Saw it as a military weapon and did not
hesitate to use it
Dropping the Atomic Bomb
0 Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 - Japanese military
center – city was completely destroyed
0 Japanese refused to surrender
0 US dropped the second bomb 3 days later
0 Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 - 200,000 people
died as a result of the bomb and its radiation
Japanese Surrender
0 Emperor Hirohito did not want to see his
people suffer anymore
0 September 2, 1945 – Japan formally
surrendered to General MacArthur
0 “Today, the guns are silent, the skies no longer
rain death – the seas bear only commerce –
men everywhere walk upright in the sunlight.
The entire world is quietly at peace.”
Japanese Occupation
0 MacArthur helped re-shape Japan’s economy
and government
0Free-market economy, women’s suffrage,
guaranteed basic freedoms
0Japanese constitution is still known as the
MacArthur Constitution
Nuremberg Trials
0 Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for
crimes against humanity, crimes against the
peace and war crimes
0 12 were sentenced to death, most imprisoned
0 Some Nazi officials did walk free
0 Set the precedent that people are responsible
for their own actions
0 “following orders” doesn’t mean you can escape
punishment
WWII – A Turning Point in History
INTERNATIONAL
0 Many of the world's powerful countries were
devastated
0 Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union
0 25 million people died in the war
0 2/3 of Europe's Jewish population had been
murdered
0 Former colonies of European powers began to earn
independence – formed many new countries
0 Israel was established as a country – led to much
conflict Arab nations
WWII – A Turning Point in History
DOMESTIC
0 American economy was flourishing
0 American military occupied many countries
in Europe and Asia and had atomic weapons
0 US became the 1st superpower
0 Challenged by Soviet Union
0 Communism vs. democracy, capitalism
0 *leads to the Cold War*
Battle:
Atlantic
Stalingrad
North African Campaign
Between
Whom:
Germany vs
US and Britain
Germany vs
USSR
Axis vs Allies
When &
Where:
Important
Events
(with short
explanation):
Atlantic (42-43)
USSR (42-43)
North Africa (42-43)
* Germany wanted to * Germans marched
prevent goods
on USSR, gained
reaching GB and USSR control of Stalingrad
* Germans destroyed
hundreds of Allied
ships
Importance
to the War:
Who “won”:
* Allies wanted to
start getting rid of
Axis control
* Winter set in, Soviets * Liberated multiple
counterattacked
cities in Northern
Africa
* Germany had to
* Allies organized into retreat
* Ended Axis control
convoys, used radar
of North Africa
and sonar
ended U-boat
Germans had to
Afrika Korps
offensive
retreat, turned tide of surrendered
war
Allies
USSR
Allies
Battle:
Italian Campaign
Battle of the Bulge
Doolittle/Coral Sea
Between
Whom:
Italy & Germany vs
Allies
Germany vs
Allies
Japan vs US
When &
Where:
Italy (43-44)
Europe (44)
Pacific Ocean (42)
Important
Events
(with short
explanation):
* GB wanted to
weaken Axis by
attacking Italy
* Germans pushed to
regain territory
* Doolittle bombed
Tokyo and other cities
* Allies fought back
* Pushed Japan away
from Australia
* deposed Mussolini
* Germans lost
* Bloody Anzio –
massive amounts of
Germany held control troops, planes, tanks
of part of Italy
and supplies
* Took place as an air
assault
Importance
to the War:
Italy remained under Germans pushed into showed US desire to
Axis control, Mussolini retreat
fight the Japanese
removed from power
Who “won”:
Axis
Allies
US
Battle:
Midway
Iwo Jima
Okinawa
Between
Whom:
Japan vs US
Japan vs US
Japan vs US
When &
Where:
Pacific (42)
Pacific (44)
Japan (45)
Important
Events
(with short
explanation):
* US broke Japan’s
codes, attacked next
target
* Devastated the
Japanese
* Heavily defended
island
* Japan used kamikaze
attacks
* Location for US air
base on Japan
* Allies lost thousands
* gave idea for what
frontal assault on
Japan would be like
* revenge of Pearl
Harbor
* Heavy fighting, 2nd
highest number of
casualties
Importance
to the War:
Turning point in the
war in the Pacific
2nd to last stronghold
of Japan
final battle
Who “won”:
US
US
US